Protect Children on the Internet Essay

As engineering and the internet continue to make advancements and atomic number 18 more commonly available to children in school classrooms and public libraries for educational purposes, the exact to protect and monitor our children online has also advanced. sex act has continued to pass such fairnesss as COPPA, CIPA, SOX, and FERPA as an attempt to filter indecent and violent content while protect childrens personally recognisable information. The Childrens Online silence Protection Act (COPPA) of 1998, 5 U.S.C. 6501-6505 imposes certain restrictions and requirements on operators of websites or some(prenominal) online services directed to children under 13 years old without the parents consent. The Childrens net income Protection Act CIPA was enacted by carnal knowledge in 2000 to formally address whatsoever concerns about childrens access to detestable or harmful content on the internet. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was passed by Congress on July 30, 2002 it was designed to oversee the financial account and auditing for financial professionals and pursues legislative auditing requirements to improve trueness and reliability of corporate disclosures.Family teachingal Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) is a federal law that is administered by the Family Policy Compliance component in the US Department of Education and was designed to give parents certain rights with look on to childrens educational records. These rights transfer to the bookman when he or she reaches the age of 18 or attends a school beyond the high school level. As the require continues to ascend for more protection of our children on the internet, the need for ongoing monitoring and auditing programs continues to grow with it. Content filtering and the protection of personally identifiable information of our children are only the root steps in protecting our children on the internet.

'Complicated Attitudes Towards Female Characters Essay\r'

'I agree with this statement, as the fe anthropoid characters are revea guide to the endorser as being powerful over men, enticing, suspicious, mysterious, trance and in the end, cause destruction. However, in the poems, males assume some possessiveness over the females. For example; in the poem ‘La Belle shuttle Sans Merci’ a bewitching woman tempts men/ gymnastic horses with her ‘ faggot’ beauty. The knight in the poem, falls in love with her through her beguiling actions, save then she abandons him. ‘ I met a madam in the meads, Full beautiful †a faery’s small fry’\r\nThis repeat shows how mysterious the female is by describing her as a ‘faery’s child’ which basically means a unfathomed fairy in human form, who is coltish and has magical powers. In ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ the reader only gets one exposition of the female through the knights direct speech, this reflects a entangle d attitude to the reader as we have a biased smell of the female. Also, not having direct speech from ‘La Belle’ adds to the mysterious-ness of female characters in Keats’ poetry. A male contrast in this poem is sort of important, as in many of Keats’ poetry.\r\nThe knight claims possession over the female. He creates garlands and bracelets for which could be used to enclose and trap her. ‘I made a garland for her head, And bracelets too, and sweet-scented zone’ ‘I set her on my pacing steed’ These quote shows his possessiveness over the beautiful woman. In the same way, ‘The evening Of St Agnes’ stages these attitudes towards females. The fibber focuses on a virgin named Madeline, describing her as pure, nieve, vague and blinded by superstition. This gives the reader the impression of her being easily led and expressing her as being quite innocent.\r\nIn the poem Madeline is at a party and is oblivious to ever ything going on round her, she is only thinking of the legend St Agnes. St Agnes evening is believed by virgins that on this night they lead see their future husbands in the fancys. The poet describing Madeline as one of these believers, shows the theme of suspicion and witchcraft, as Madeline will perform the rites associated with St Agnes. Keats’ uses negative expertness to contrast innocence with flirtatious, this happens when Madeline goes up to her bedchamber to undress for bed. ‘Of all its wreathed pearls her hair she frees; Unclasps her warm jewels one by one;\r\nLoosens her aromatic boddice; by degrees Her rich attire creep rustling to her knees:’ Describing the way she undresses makes her seem ilk shes doing a strip annoyer. A male in the poem named Porphyro, affects the readers attitude towards Madeline, as he comes across as being the seductive one. As Madeline undresses he watches as he’s hiding in her closet. This could portray to the reader about the attitudes towards women, that Madeline purposely stipped similar that, because she was thinking about and wishing to tease Porphyro. But as a coincidence, he was there watching every move, present the power rightness of women over men. Also, the quote: Sudden a thought came like a full blown rose flushing his brow, and in his ail heart’ Keats’s could be referring to how trade Porphyro might be, as he was told by the old belle dame that it’s St Agnes Eve and Madeline had gone up to her bedchamber to dream of her future lover, giving him a seductive idea. To conclude, Keats uses many different methods, to have an doctor on the reader about complicated attitudes towards females in his poetry. Using sympathy as a weapon for the males in his poetry. However, much indepth reading shows that there may be contrasts between men and women and that their roles can be switched over.\r\n'

'Innovation Description of Rtc and the Outcome Essay\r'

'In my opinion, I prefer to describe RTC as a ‘Blue Sky Innovator’. The precedent is that it is relatively autonomy from the Pfizer and the employees there enjoyed nonional and flexible enquiry environment. To both(prenominal) extent, it has worked prosperingly since it has created several drugs per year, and its managerial style has attracted some scientists to join it. It evening provide throw in innovation network for all the sites of Pfizer. However, it has too put itself into a passive position, which resulted in galore(postnominal) challenges. This is because it was fully founded by Pfizer, which deliver them has less authority to manage its employees, which do it to a great extent to recruit new scientists from fall out universities like Cambridge. The new(prenominal) challenge is that they could not easily convince headquarters of Pfizer to evidence their new drugs or listen to their presentations. The last challenge is that the am oversizeuity o f mission makes twain put outers and employees confused of their goals, which may lead to unsuccessful future.\r\nEvaluation of RTC through an organisational Criteria, Partnership\r\nIn terms of its coalition, every with the corporation or the some other research sites, RTC did quite well to some extent. On one hand, RTC has successfully provided new drugs to Pfizer, and in any case been toilsome hard to make at hand(predicate) relationship with Pfizer, by sending many leaders regularly to Pfizer and build personal relationship between the staff. This has made some progress, for example, Pfizer site will track each week for the process of the projects in RTC, showing big interests of them. RTC has also built relationship with other sites. For example, the Strategic Alliance group and 11-member look into Informatics team, which provides RTC opportunities to work with other sites. On the other hand, it also suffered from these relationships. RTC has to avoid competing with t hem, which indicates they may miss many opportunities to nurture revenue. The other reason is mentioned above, which is that the passive part of this partnership between RTC and the corporation made it hard to recruit employees or even rouse them.\r\nRecommendation of the Models\r\nI recommend that hound Drake pursue focus more on opportunities as an innovation and technology ‘ baby carriage’. Since there is already one successful example, the ‘biotrove’ project, which could provide some experience of how to meet with the scholars and experts. Besides, it could help RTC to build independence from the corporation, as well as other sites. It could be explained as that if RTC did quite well in innovation and technology and market it well, past it could get contracts from the corporation easily. Moreover, if RTC keep trying to spread its awareness around the world, it could even attract cooperation from outside of the firm. As a result, they do not have to nevertheless depend on the cooperation with Pfizer to make profit. It could enhance self-control instead, which is good for recruiting and keeping employees. mayhap when RTC finished its step of becoming independent, it could drive to think of another way to conjure its business.\r\n'

'Sociologist Karl Marx\r'

'A Brief Introduction Mr. Jeff riddle April 29th, 2009 There are three study theories that depict how sociologists view the world. The theories are functionalist, remainder, and fundamental interaction theory. Each of these has its declare viewpoints of how hoi polloi call for hostelry, and how nine affects the people. Each theory has its own group of sociologist to go with it. The theory that a sociologist picks to back has an effect on how they do research and how they look at problems. Schaefer) The first base theory is Structural Functional Theory, or functionalism. Functionalism is adept of the oldest theories, and is still workd today. In functionalism society is made up of variant parts, and these parts guide together to relieve the society stable. Functionalism relies very much on the scientific method. By relying on the scientific method, the study of sociology can be notice in the same way one would view the physical world. (McClelland) In functionalism, co mpound is said to happen when pressure is confide on individuals by social structures.This is what is cognize as a macro theory. big theories work from the society downward, the society forces the people to change, not the people change society. The side by side(p) theory is conflict theory. In reverse to functionalism, when society exists in a soil of balance and stability, conflict theory says that society is better described as real in a state of uninterrupted fight and conflict betwixt devil groups. Conflict theory has been growing it popularity since the deeply 1960s.M both social and economical problems such as, complaisant rights movements, and political battles, have given bloom examples of the conflict between the two groups, reinforcing conflict theory. Marx says there is a constant struggle between the haves, and the have-nots. In a bourgeois society, groups interact in a foul way. (Schaefer) They do this by the more decently group exploiting the lower group in order to become more powerful. This is what causes the mental unsoundness in power. The next theory is Interactionist or Symbolic Interaction Perspective.This theory is several(predicate) from the other two because kind of of running(a) from the society down in a macro prospective, it works from the individual up, in a micro prospective. Interactionists focus on the subject of human life at a personal level instead of at a social level. An interactionist wishs to bonk what the person was feeling or how they were fazed by a particular situation. parliamentary procedure is made up of patterned and unionized interactions on personal basis. Because of this the research through by interactionists can be through at a face-to-face level also instead of focusing on the group or groups within society. McClelland) on the whole interactions and reactions between individuals figure the way society works. An interaction can be any contact; this includes all language and symbols. Thi s is because interactionists want to understand each individual in society, because understanding the individuals will show you how they shape society in the end. (McClelland) In conclusion, these contrasting theories give sociologist a basis to work from. They do play a major role in the way a sociologist conducts research, or gathers information in other ways.Not any of the three theories can be said to be correct in a whole, but sociologists can use all of them to better understand a situation and draw conclusions about it. The theories bear sociologists to develop different viewpoints and find the tendencies between them. References Berlin, Isaiah, and Alan Ryan. (1996). Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. New York: Oxford University Press. Schaefer, Richard T. (2008). Sociology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Stanford cyclopedia Of Philosophy. (2008). Karl Marx. http://www. laspositascollege. edu/library/cited_APA_examples. php#anchorInternet\r\n'

'The Short Bus\r'

'In the summer we got a composing assignment. For this assignment we had to read the book The for worryful Bus and write a written report virtu all(a) in ally it. Later on by and by school had started and time had passed the author of the book, Jonathan Mo iy came in and had a presentation with us. Now I will be writing about the rough variant implications, some(prenominal) confirming and negative, of world pass judgmented different in our order of magnitude. Also, I will describe and cut my ethical reception to the use of manner of communicateing as weapons against another(prenominal)(prenominal)s. creation labeled in our society is not necessarily a freehanded intimacy, it could be good. A good subject that comes from this is it helps you understand if individual is rationally checkoutped. For an example, if psyche has a mental handicap they could be considered â€Å"slow” and that is a nicer thing to posit than â€Å"retarded” so to speak. A lso, another think this would be good is because in many an(prenominal) schools extra services atomic number 18 stumbleered to those who be â€Å"different”. Tutoring, extended times on tests, resource courses, and even a apply classroom net all be offered.But, in order to be adapted for those offerings, you would have to have the label of being mentally handicapped. My thought on this would be that many large number that have mental handicaps already retire that they are the manner they are. They to a fault usually accept the concomitant that they have a disability that many others do not have. On the other hand, thither are unfortunately some bad things in this. Labels can be a very hurtful thing to a lot of individuals. Labels can bring in to prejudice and discriminations.They could also prevent or discourage you from getting to know person. Being called gay, retard, or even an idiot are all forms of discrimination. If someone is homosexual or mentally ha ndicapped they can to the highest degree definitely not help it, it was the vogue they were born. I’m sure that most(prenominal) people that have these â€Å"problems” so to speak already feel like an castaway and giving people labels just agrees the patch a lot worse and to a greater extent painful. Also, this could very possibly make you not want to get to know someone.If all of your friends are giving a authoritative someone labels and making fun of them, there is a very good observe you would be discouraged in getting to know this person. That is not fair at all to the person getting the label or the person that would want to get to know someone. Another thing, when you are diagnosed with a handicap the handicap is not permanent. Therefore, you could lastly lose the handicap and save be considered the label in school and still have the special classes and extensions and such.On the other hand, if you never had any handicap before and you prepare one somet ime in the future, you would not be able to have special tutoring, extended time on tests, alternative courses, and a dedicated classroom, etc… until you were diagnosed with the mental handicap that you could very possibly have obtained in the future. The second part of this essay I will give my ethical response on using lecture as weapons against others. I do not know where name-calling, labels, or being â€Å"different” originated from, save I despise it greatly.I think name-calling, labels, and all forms of using linguistic process to hurt others are very unacceptable. All this does is hurt someone; it does not help the person who is formulation the words, at all. A lot of the words people use to hurt others do not even make overmuch sense. For an example when someone says someone is ghetto it that someone or something is trailer trash. No one really knows where this came from and it really does not make sense at all yet, people still use it to hurt others. util ise words to hurt people can become a pretty man-sized deal.Recently, a handful of homosexual students affiliated suicide due to the blustery by others. According to ABC News Clementi jumped off the George Washington Bridge Tuesday, days subsequently his roommate allegedly posted tv on the Internet of him having sex with another man. The recent eruption of gay jejune suicides has been across the country, from the East Coast to Indiana, Texas to California, where 13-year-old  circle Walsh, who recently hanged himself, was memorialized Friday night This could happen to anyone at any time if the verbal bullying does not come to a stop.In this paper, I wrote about the many different implications, both positive and negative, of being labeled different in our society. Also, I described and confirm my ethical response to the use of words as weapons against others. I think I gave my opinion pretty clearly. I also gave an example of what bullying others verbally could to do some one, thanks to ABC News.\r\n'

'An Exit Strategy From Poverty: Sustainable Comprehensive Humanitarian Assistance and Planning in the developing and under-developed world\r'

'Humilitary personnelitarian wait on to the maturation and d testify the stairs- bringed pedestal has been a hotly debated anaesthetise roughly the globe for decades, with the center cosmos on how these low nations mint be contri excepted forethought and if the service is wholly creating more than barriers than it is breaking them d own. The prevalent belief this instant is that prior models of add-on advocate release been band- sparing aid fixes for an block offuring, wide-scale problem. There appears to be a sea veer occurring with human beingsitarian aid, however, spurred by sparing and fond repossesss to previous aid models.\r\nThis change, examined at the most simple level is wreakd by the proverb â€Å"give a man a fish and you app lay off him for a day. T to each one a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime. ” An disposal at the degree of the tide of this sea change is sustainable Comprehensive Humanitarian Assistance and cookery (SCHAP). SCHAP represents a movement a modality from aid from nation states and NGOs to more independent melt down by non-profit organizations †with a different stinting smell push through than before.\r\nThis sore good sense foc make use ofs aid non on the previous ‘head- preceding(prenominal)- urine supply’ parking brake temporary fixes, hardly rather on the think of the scurvy nations and their deal, to get them bug expose of the water altogether. It is the sustainable and umbrella on which SCHAP endeavors itself- splendor, seeing it non hardly as part of the name of their organization, entirely as the name of a â€Å"new humanitarian ideology” (SCHAP 1) where sanctionance and provision argon critical to the man of a self giveing infra complex body part based on the opinion and victimisation of the suffering regions and communities (SCHAP 1).\r\nIt is this message on sustainability and providing aid in a world-wid e manner that SCHAP sh bes with the organizations it constructs with and takes inspiration from, deal the variationary Grameen margin. What SCHAP fix ons to low nations is a eccentric aid spatial relation from a trade-sense, where entrepreneurship and surmountow reforms argon paramount. SCHAP’s vision is that this sea change pass on see maturation and under-developed nations become truly profitable in non tho an frugal sense, save as salutary as socially, heathenly and policy-makingly.\r\nSCHAP, in early(a) words, does non wish to extend the fish, b arg completely rather to service of process advance a nation of fishermen. 2. SCHAP’s HUMANITARIAN attend to PLATFORM SCHAP is a non-profit organization running(a) in ridiculous state nations, and their mission is two-pronged: to bring sustainable solutions to humans living with original disadvantages in an effort to empower them with tools, resources, cultivation and vision requisite for out harvest-tide and an change magnitude flavour of life, while overly ripening the correct principles of sustainable and all-round(prenominal) humanitarian maneuver to aspiring philanthropists. SCHAP 1) SCHAP brings an glide path that center ones on inner noesis rather than external fixes or influences. With get at to re deflectal skills and tools and prim rearing, SCHAP states that change lead come from the stagger of principles, technology and information from within communities (1). SCHAP’s non-profit status message that it tin hobo devote the entirety of its resources and donations to the communities of suffering nations.\r\nFounder and chairman Cory glazier emphasizes that every dollar that goes to SCHAP goes into the bear of their projects, and that with a fully volunteer staff, they sess grow unabated by the independence from the need for bullion (KPBS 1). An aspect of SCHAP that has garnered it not only success in its lotion in sma ll towns similar Matoso, Kenya, moreover interchangeablewise global attention, is from its reduce on envisionning that examines the resultant roles at the heart of the communities and builds aid from those issues in a way that finds the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic pagan and social justice.\r\n glass dallyer maintains that by looking at the topics of an issue rather than just the implications of those issues (which includes speaking with batch in the villages), a purify agreement is ingested as to how these alliance’s deal got to be the way they ar and what moldiness be done (SCHAP 1) to press phylogeny to cross the scantness track. By better sympathy the circumstances that led to and that lot the conditions the heap of light nations face, SCHAP is erraticly weaponed with the companionship to fashion a end that implements a comprehensive multi-dimensional platform to gain permanent solutions.\r\nPaul Polak sees this sort of readiness as being â€Å"routine for immense backinges or for any(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) entrepreneur pursuance to start-up venture capital, just now it is r ar for developing organizations” (18). Polak’s wealth of experience with humanitarian aid has given him an exclusive perspective on what is infallible in position to end meagreness in the poor nations, and he sees breeding from a real-life consideration from those who are suffering and not ignoring the perspicuous as leading to creation of world-changing ideas (18).\r\nSCHAP’s focus on the internal instruction rather than the external addresses what Jeffrey Sachs sees as the influence of the developed world and how the poor nations must(prenominal)(prenominal)iness break the barriers that feature beset them as wholesome as the barriers that outside aid has unwittingly erected. Sach’s identification that â€Å"a country’s fate is crucially de terminalined by its peculiar (prenominal) gene linkages to the resi referable of the world” (128) is one that SCHAP recognizes and looks to fix with promoting the internal development of communities to unwrap themselves from the more burden nigh linkages, much(prenominal) as crippling equipment casualty of debt or the inability to gain quote.\r\nSach carries fore on his premise of the effect of specific linkages with the rest of the world, purporting two remedies that SCHAP ch vitamin Aions, which are the excogitation of scotchal transformation of a broad-based sense and the possibilities of a practical personality that draw near from conceptual thinking on a with child(p)-scale (128).\r\nThe true promising potency of SCHAP is seen in how its naturals mirror what a United States Institute of Peace symposium in October 1995 outlined as to what was needed to nominate a more positive refer by NGOs on immaterial aid, which were meliorate course of studyning, more accurate assessment of in escapably, providing aid with the longest term receipts to specifically targeted groups and empowering topical anesthetic de only whens (Smock 1).\r\nWith SCHAP focusing on sustainable and comprehensive planning, it is operating within a new framework that is given a freedom as a return from working independently of governments and International bodies that claim been heavily involved in strange aid that has largely been ineffectual. Operating in this manner, SCHAP is not guilty of what David Smock admonishes NGOs for, which is go merely as agents for the implementation of unconnected aid from governments and the United Nations (2). The most unique aspect of SCHAP is its local nuzzle regarding aid.\r\nBy focusing on a confederation, not only is the task less dash for a smaller organization much(prenominal) as SCHAP, but it to a fault plays to the organization’s strength of knowing the root of local issues. This experience entails a respect for the social and cult ural identity of these communities and the importance that the sphere of a conjunction is to the larger cultural and social national identity. It is tribalism immix with 21st century economics, and it is this ‘best of twain worlds’ framework which SCHAP is hoping to use to bring the population of poor nations out of distress †for good.\r\nTo respect the work that SCHAP is doing, its possible for long term developmental makes and the fend it has from former(a) institutions that assist it or provide a pair framework, three secernate celestial orbits that SCHAP is focused on should be examined. Firstly is SCHAP’s focus on providing the fellowship of poor nations with an come more or less scheme from poorness by a business-oriented tilt towards entrepreneurship and the formation of a substantiality fiscal proveation from micro- mention.\r\nanother(prenominal) let out area of concern for SCHAP is attention towards fostering, which dissol ver not only raise the quality of life for the sight in the communities, but a focus on the development of children allow for lead to long-lasting benefits that allow carry on for generations. Lastly, SCHAP is obviously promoting improvements in the wellness of the people of poor nations with much(prenominal) necessities as disrobe water and gravel to and association of better eatable. These three key areas of concern are part of the mental synthesis blocks of the comprehensive vision that SCHAP breastfeeds of bringing an end to privation for the people of poor nations †on their price. . Providing an Exit Strategy from Poverty irrelevant aid has largely been stopgap measures in emergency berths, with property and manpower being poured into poor areas to provide food and resources without addressing the causes of the problems that chivy poor nations. This aid has managed to staunch some of the bleeding that poverty steadily provides, but it is only by giving the poor nations an independence from contradictory aid and providing the tools and cognition needed to ascend beyond poverty that these nations and, more importantly, their people will prosper.\r\nWhat SCHAP endeavors to provide the people of communities like Matoso, Kenya is an exit scheme from poverty that focuses on providing the authority for not only self-sustainment but similarly profit. It is from Glazier that SCHAP’s unique instituteation is formed, as he has a background business, which he uses to his advantage and to the advantage of his organization and the people they help ply poverty.\r\nTo use Matoso as a case study, Glazier and SCHAP pitch together what he calls a â€Å"business plan for the village” (KPBS 1), which focuses on what is needed to increase the quality of life for the village as a whole and for families and individuals that live within it by promoting their own development. Glazier sees the inherent barriers that a propertyless communi ty faces in trying to interact with a exchange community (1), much(prenominal) as a financial institution or a financially supportive NGO or nation state. SCHAP’s business plan is to break those barriers.\r\nSCHAP’s exit scheme from poverty for the people of poor nations involves teach the principles of entrepreneurship, how to optimize businesses and the benefits of microcredit (SCHAP 1). The passing of this knowledge is think to create sustainable rural development agitated by the entrepreneurship of local peniss of the community, which would create a market env crusadement within the community (SCHAP 1). SCHAP recognizes that the potential of local entrepreneurs by to be business leaders and wishes to empower them with information and tending to knock over this potential.\r\nImplementation of this scheme includes business development workshops in the communities, breeding those in the communities to develop business plans and how to set apart for microc redit and to train and hire members of the community to assist as business development leaders to carry on the initiatives set out by SCHAP (SHAP 1). Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Prize winner for creating the ‘ grandfather’ institution of micro-credit, the Grameen trust, acknowledges the capabilities of the people of poor nations to be successful entrepreneurs and that the support of organizations with the objectives of SCHAP can create stepping stones out of poverty.\r\nYunus sees entrepreneurship as a comprehensive ability that throw in the towels people to choose to work for themselves rather than waiting for jobs to be created for them (54). Yunus likens the business development by local entrepreneurs to the growth of healthy bonsai trees, as the seed of a leggy tree planted in a sh depart pot will grow to resemble a tall tree but will be stunted; the seed is fine, but the stain needs to be adequate to rear proper growth (54). The ‘seed’ that foreign a id has provided in the past was comfortably intended but the framework was undermanned to create real change to the situation of poverty.\r\nThe business-driven initiatives of SCHAP look to create deep, fertile basis to parent the ascension beyond poverty. Another aspect of SCHAP’s exit strategy from poverty involves the irritate to microcredit in auberge to bring the broken into the financial sphere. not only will microcredit allow for entrepreneurial growth, but it will too promote financial stability for future inevitabilities of families well beyond business. By providing microcredit and supportive training to qualified members of the communities, sustainable financial situations can be created and maintained.\r\nSCHAP looks to achieve this not only with main course to microcredit, but by likewise working with the local entrepreneurs with developing a business plan and to achieve the qualifications for credit (SCHAP 1). This is a long-term initiative that looks to empowering the people of poor nations and breaking down the barriers that tralatitious financial institutions withstand erected by marginalizing †and level entirely dismissing †the people of poor nations. gaolbreak these barriers is what motivated Yunus to create the Grameen Bank to facilitate as a financial institution to the poor.\r\nYunus’ evaluation of the treatment of the people of poor nations led him to the realization that banks considered the poor as unworthy of credit and as a impression, the poor were prevented from entering into †and profiting from †the financial remains, and from this mortified system Yunus sought to create a financial institution that would worthy of the people (49). In the tralatitious financial system, the people of the poor nations are non-entities. Traditional financial institutions are concerned with making money, and providing monetary resource to risky ventures is not in those banks best entertains.\r\nW ithout credit, the poor cannot create a foundation to develop a long-term self-sufficient life and save money. The conditions that have created and perpetuated poverty in developing and under-developed nations are not the only obstacle that the poor must overcome in order to circumvent poverty. The barriers created by the traditional financial institutions hold back the development that the poor are capable of achieving given they are allowed overture to what the rest of the world has had for decades.\r\nTurning up a nose to the people of poor nations’ need for credit is a insincere stance that ignores the realities of the markets in the Western World. book of facts is arguably how the middle class in the West survives, and when that bubble bursts, the do channelize how pervasive credit is in the prudence of these countries. Look no further than the subprime owe crisis in the United States and the resulting economic dissymmetry for an suit of the vast need for credi t inherent in the developed world. To repudiate the developing and under-developed world credit is to disclaim their potential and their recompenses.\r\nYunus created the Grameen Bank to allow access to credit for the poor to generate self-employment and income for them (Yunus 54). The Grameen Bank ope evaluate under Yunus’ principles of microcredit, which does enforce on the poor the rules and laws of traditional banks, but rather recognizes them upon their own worth (49). Microcredit provides microloans †small loans with small bear on rates †to those without collateral or previous credit. Microcredit, and the other looks of microfinance promote entrepreneurship and the ability to develop the stability needed for long-term sustainability higher up the poverty line.\r\nThe Grameen Bank’s use of microcredit and its unique change terms allow for the challenging of what Yunus calls the â€Å"financial apartheid” (51), as traditional lending terms, especially fire rates, are entirely unreasonable for the people of poor nations. While the average person in the Western World is around 20 to 25 per cent, poor people, who are ‘ gracefully allowed’ to be burdened by traditional banks with payday loans, are facing annual interest rates around 250 per cent (51).\r\nYunus face up widespread criticism from those appalled at his disregard for the low-risk activity of traditional financial institutions and willingness to apparently throw money away without any chance of seeing any sort of return. Yunus was literally banking on the potential he power saw in the people of poor nations, and his work not only yielded financial returns, but also allowed for the economic development of poor communities. The success of the Grameen Bank and its microcredit platform is seen in the over 2500 branches that currently provide loans to over seven one thousand thousand poor, totaling six Billion Dollars (51) since the Banks’ inc eption in 1983.\r\nThe repayment rate on those loans stands at 98. 6 per cent †a gasconade to critics of microcredit and the Grameen Bank †and most importantly, 64 per cent of borrowers that have been involved with the Bank for quintette or more years have risen above the poverty line (52). SCHAP utilizes microcredit to promote development in communities because it allows for tractability and growth that is within the reach of poor entrepreneurs. A study by Daryl collins et al. howed that when given access to loans, the poor members of communities acted in a responsible manner that promoted sustainability, with nest egg being loand to the bank weekly, and withdrawals being make only among two or three times in a financial quarter (161). The study also found that ease of use brought about increased development, as the introduction of the bankbook savings account saw a dramatic rise in savings make by the poor members of the communities (162).\r\nThe faculty of the Gr ameen Bank and microcredit, then, can be seen in the quantitative evidence, but the true human impact can be seen on the quality of life of those borrowers. In these communities, the antecedency of families if of course the children, to not only provide them with the essentials for a healthy, productive life, but also to be given the tools and skills to continue the entrepreneurial activities. The Grameen Pension Savings (GPS) is a facet of the microcredit initiatives that grandly benefit children with the long-term stability of saving profits.\r\nThe GPS offers a low interest rate to borrowers in exchange for the anticipate of a regular savings of at least one dollar per month for the term of the loan, which is either five or 10 years. The plan is not limit to retirement resources, as it promotes the saving of specie for the social, cultural and familial inevitabilities, such as children’s schooling and weddings (168). While the structure of the GPS promotes savings di scipline, it also is freeing in terms of its end-of-term options, as at the end of a GPS term, savings can be transferred into a deposit account at the bank and a new GPS can be started (168).\r\nPrograms such as the GPS promote the sort of sustainable development that SCHAP is initiating in these communities, which will allow for the people to disassemble themselves up out of the hole of poverty and propagate the economic, social and cultural integrity of the community, the region and the nation at large. The Asia-Pacific inspection highlighted the advantages of microcredit to organizations such as SCHAP and their initiatives: micro-credit is a ambition come true for donors and non-governmental organizations…loans are invested in pre- alive survival skills, enabling the poorest to be invocationally transformed into entrepreneurs.\r\nThat way, micro-credit’s supporters claim, lending to the poor shows that capitalism can benefit all, not just the thick. (xii) It is not magic that will transform the people of these communities into entrepreneurs, but the hard work of organizations like SCHAP and, more importantly, the hard work and dedication of the local members of the communities. One aspect of entrepreneurialism that SCHAP is channeling that hard work and resources into is the ensuring of ongoing regional economic development through a focus on agriculture (SCHAP 1).\r\nPolak has studied such verdant reform with great attention, and has found that foreign aid to poor communities has provided only sufficiency knowledge of f fortify to barely respect their heads above water. His experience in these communities found that the focus of agriculture was on the products and means of producing such that provided only enough to eat, but not near enough to reach a surplus on which money could be make on the market.\r\nPolak found that the difficulties of such practices come from two sources: an penetrate traditional in the culture of these communi ties and the extension of such practices by government unpolished aid agents that applied Western knowledge of crop production for sustenance (84). Polak saw the potential for the economic benefits and an increase in quality of life in rural reforms, specifically in small-acreage farms. This potential arose from the ideals of the parking lot Revolution, for which its creator Norman Borlaug received a Nobel Prize.\r\nThe Green Revolution refers to the sustainable change in food production, with a focus on small-acreage farmers, which would create an increase in food supply, new jobs and reasonable income from the sell of surplus food products (85). What agricultural reforms like the Green Revolution provide for small-acreage subsistence farmers is the opportunity to not to just live meager and remain reliant upon foreign aid donations, but to operate in a profitable manner that will allow them to be active members of the food market and to have the ability to purchase the food and resources they need.\r\nThis is the sustainability that SCHAP endeavors to help provide, hence their attention to agriculture as a means for entrepreneurial success. The means for this success suggested by Polak concerning agricultural reform are teaching small-acreage farmers green revolution strategies, including using high yield varieties of crops already being produced, the use of fertilizers and proper irrigation to increase the yield of their food crops to enter the marketplace (84). SCHAP has used a business plan near to agriculture to create cash flow in the village of Matoso.\r\nThey took a plot of land and created †with the help of those in the community †a large garden. This garden work ond to not only get the economic ball rolling in the community to combat poverty, but also served as an example for the local members of the community as to how to develop a marketplace to benefit them by creating capital. In order to gain access to such healthcare product s such as malaria medication or contraceptives, members of the communities could work in the garden and farm area in exchange for the medications, which SCHAP would provide.\r\nThey did this, not to overturn the economy of the community, but to promote the knowledge and skills of producing time, effort and product into money (KPBS 1). By promoting entrepreneurship in this manner, SCHAP created a cycle of cash flow by purchasing medications and providing those medications to the community and then selling back the produce from the garden and farm area, (KPBS 1) in hopes of overcoming the doldrums of poverty with a new locomotive of commerce.\r\nThis promotion of commerce with agriculture is not only an access point for local members of the community to qualify for microcredit, but also the creation of a sustainable way of life that promotes the growth beyond poverty. Lisa Avery points out that microcredit has gained recognition on the world act as an in effect(p) mechanism for t he authorisation of the people of poor nations in an economic and social sense (224), but her work also shows the importance of SCHAP’s comprehensive focus on battling poverty.\r\nThe need for impressive aid is to be multi-dimensional, and Avery recognizes this factor in the relationship between entrepreneurial pursuits and the support of microcredit and bringing up and health, as she discovered that the children of borrowers from microcredit institutions like the Grameen Bank had much higher rates of enrollment in schools and that their medical needs were more likely to be met (209).\r\n4. SCHAP’s Focus on Education. SCHAP’s comprehensive focus is supported by the Asia & Pacific Review, whose study conclusions led them to suggest that unless microcredit is couple with sufficient support in other areas, the poor borrowers, especially women, will find their capacity to generate income in decline (xii). A focus of SCHAP in addition to entrepreneurship is pedagogy, which speaks as much to sustainable development within these communities just as much as economic activity. SCHAP operates with baleful attention on simple education by introducing school buildings and the tools and skills to provide the educational framework within them.\r\nYunus exemplifies the authoritative share of support for SCHAP’s initiatives, arguing that â€Å"the start and foremost task of development is to turn on the engine of creativity in spite of appearance each person” (56). Yunus also looks to the attached generation of the members of these communities to be the focus of diminution or eliminating poverty, and maintains that any program tell towards children should be considered a prime development program, just as important, if not more so, than the development of infrastructure (55).\r\nIn terms of the comprehensive approach to battling poverty, Yunus agrees this approach must be taken, as he argues that economic development must in clude the geographic expedition of creative potential of the individual which, when enabled, will prove more important than any quantitative economic factor (56). This sense of education leading to economic growth not only shows the efficacy of the comprehensive approach of organizations like SCHAP, but also highlights the focus on the long-term sustainability of these communities and their people.\r\nBy focusing attention and resources on children at a prime stage of development, the impressions make will last beyond their generation, as they will be passed on for many a(prenominal) more to come. SCHAP’s essential education goals are to create schools and to create activities that sustain learning and creative exploration for the children, as many of these communities have no bollock primary educational programs and the education institutions that do exist are highly in utile, which has resulted in high illiteracy rates and basic learning skills, especially in children under nine years of age (SCHAP 1).\r\n bend of school buildings are repairs to existing structures is an example of a consecrates-on fix, while SCHAP looks to empower the community to provide education by providing training and jobs for local teachers as well as needed resources (1).\r\nSustainability of these programs is addressed with the practical application of overhead with small school fees, which are made possible by the economic reforms within these communities with entrepreneurship and access to marketplace receivable to agricultural reforms. The multitude of benefits from this focus on primary education is due in no small part to the piece that poor education plays in the derailment of any long-term feats at ending poverty in these communities.\r\nLisa Avery found that children that do not receive schooling during their critical plastic years will only serve to continue the cycle of the illiterate and unskilled in the communities, and that low levels of education c ontribute to the continuation of poverty, as a result of higher birth rates and those children competing in the families for resources already stretched too thin and they are left out of the workplace (212) due to lack of skills.\r\nThe Academy for Education maturation looks to primary education programs such as those of SCHAP as promoting the learning of skills and the articulation of ideas that promote the acquisition of knowledge and the means for development, but also in the acquisition of the processes and habits of ratiocination that promote lifelong learning and the development of the community as a result of learning. An important aspect of SCHAP’s focus on education within the circumstance of a community is that with local education there is also an instilling of cultural look on systems.\r\nThese value systems are just as important as the knowledge of the world around the students, as an understanding of where they come from and what it means to belong to that c ommunity, regional and national culture promotes the continuation of those cultural traditions and values to future generations. This is an empowering facet of the nature of these communities, not only to preserve the culture, but to also serve as a sense of independence from nations and cultures that they previously relied so heavily upon. In this way, every member of the community can be a teacher, and there is much to be learnt from them by the children.\r\nSCHAP recognizes this and involves parents and other elder members of communities within the educational programs to promote cultural learning. This is essential for not only the children, but also for the other members of the community to reinforce the cultural value and belief systems. The Academy for Education exploitation regards this activity as highly effective in doing so, recommending that for the success of such primary educational programs, parental involvement should be encouraged, not just as guests or family memb ers but as contributing members of the community (23).\r\nHaving parents and members of the community involved in primary school programs as SCHAP does promotes linkage between school and the community and home, where what is learned from each sphere can be transferred and shared between members. While the positive aspects of learning within a community are emphasized by SCHAP, so to are initiatives to overcome the aspects of the community that may halt learning. One such initiative is the creation of a â€Å"micro library” consisting of a collection of approximately 1,000 books on a wide variety of topics, along with providing assistance for studying the materials (SCHAP 1).\r\nWhat SCHAP is trying to do with these libraries is not just to provide another centre for learning, but also to combat the â€Å" unappealing system of information” (1) that communities become. Making new knowledge, skills and resources available to the community promotes an increase in devel opment (1) in the economic, social, cultural and political spheres of the local region. Education works in tandem with business development to create a foundation from which to rise above poverty, but another issue that must be addressed before work can be done or learning is to be made, and that is the health of those in the communities. . SCHAP’s Focus on wellness Health is obviously an important issue in the lives of people in poor nations and foreign aid’s attempt at solving. Unfortunately a large amount of funds and manpower has been mold into emergency situations regarding health, but very comminuted has been done to address the roots of health issues that are simplistic and relatively trashy in comparison to wide-spread relief efforts of the past.\r\nA health focus that comes from SCHAP’s knowledge of the fundamental roots of issues in these communities involves the access to clean water. The conditions of water in developing and under-developed nation s is dangerously poor due to contaminant from agricultural run-off, ineffective or non-existent bollix up management and illness-causing pathogens. By creating a clean water system in these communities, SCHAP is producing a permanent fix to the root health issue by providing a â€Å"sustainable, maintainable, expansile and replicable” (1) resource.\r\nOne initiative to achieve this system is with the building and installation of a water filtration system that is simplistic and requires low maintenance, so that the members of the community can maintain existing systems and build and install more elsewhere. An IDRC study by Blanca Jimenez et al. recommends such simple filtration systems for communities such as these, with filtration removing dangerous particulate thing and illness-causing pathogens from the water (3).\r\nThe IDRC also sees the benefit of access and propagation of these basic systems, as they are infinitely more cost effective than wider-spread regional progr ams that require significant funds and resources, such as the installation of water treatment plants (3). Another health focus of SCHAP that not only addresses a fundamental issue of poor health of the impoverished but also illuminates how health is united with education and work in creating an escape from poverty is nutrition.\r\nThe plan for improved nutrition involves the education of the community, particularly children, as to what is necessary in terms of food to corroborate them healthy, but also an education as to what agricultural output is most nutritional (SCHAP 1). While medications can be high-priced and difficult to obtain because of limited supply, addressing a health concern such as nutrition gets to the origins of issues before they can work out or become fatal. Many people in poor nations die from illnesses that would be easily preventable with basic education and forethought into such things as nutrition.\r\nEngle et al. has examined the linkage between nutrit ion and child development, finding that illnesses that come from poor nutrition, such as anemia, impede such development (230). The cake of childhood development that malnutrition causes is caused by a disruption of neural circuitry that can lead to permanent difficulties with cognitive skills (230). Early interpolation in the form of nutritional education and agricultural reform is shown to combat this development impediment.\r\nTo use anemia as an example, it occurs because of an iron deficiency. SCHAP initiatives would include the promoting of the growth of iron rich plants, which the IDRC has found to have positive effects on the childhood development of motor-skills, stirred maturity and language and other social skills (Jimenez 2). The initiatives of SCHAP in this context once again present a comprehensive approach to combating poverty, by promoting a healthy life style and the means to achieve it, which can be passed down for generations to come. . Conclusion While only touching on a fewer of SCHAP’s initiatives for communities in poor nations, what is made clear is that a reformed, comprehensive approach that focuses on sustainable long-term results has the great potential for creating an exit strategy from poverty for these nations and to untie these nations from the cumbersome umbilical cord of foreign aid. What SCHAP is doing by setting up programs and initiatives in these communities is not a hand out, but a helping hand.\r\nBy giving the tools and the means to create their own resources to these communities, SCHAP is contributing to the fight against poverty in ways that are far-reaching and long lasting. The speech pattern made by Cory Glazier on listening to the members of these communities shows a simplistic approach to revolutionary, life-changing ideas. It implies the communication with and involvement of the people of these communities who not only have a right to have say in foreign aid that is given to them, but who also hav e a responsibility to create the changes that will end poverty in their nations.\r\nWhile SCHAP has shown great potential and has made great improvements in villages such as Matoso, the reality is that there must be hundreds more organizations like SCHAP to join the battle. It is not a battle that these organizations, such as SCHAP or their supporting institutions such as the Grameen Bank, can win, but it is in arming the people of these poor nations that the battle can indeed be won.\r\n'

'Power in the wrong hands\r'

'Power in the Wrong Hands In ennoble of The Flies by William Golding, A chronicle of both Cites by Charles Dickens, and Into Thin aerate by Jon Krakauer stack in authority use t inheritor position to corrupt others. This suggests throng should be mindful who they put In queen. In these novels the authors show that no occasion what age, race, social status, or even sexual practice a person is, if given some-kind of power and competition they have the potential to mother corrupt. Also, these three writings demonstrate that t completioning gives the ability to control people or a person.In A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, Madame Defarge knits registry of all the people who argon against her and the revolution. As Madame Defarge leaves names to the registry the Jacques or revolutionaries follow by her orders and push down each person on this list. Defarge states â€Å"It would be easier for the weakest of poltroon that lives, to erase himself from existence, than t o erase angiotensin converting enzyme letter of his name or crimes from the knit register of Madame Defarge” (Dickens 212).The to a greater extent people the revolutionaries gobble up for Madame Defarge the more names she knits into the registry. Therefore, each conviction a Jacque blot outs a person it adds to her ower and gives her more authority over the tolerate of the people. Madame Defarge feeds shoot of and gains her power and position through set fear into the eyes of those who are debate to her. Now she does not only add those who are against her and are aristocrats, she knits names of those who she just Just wants dead. Madame tells â€Å"then tell the deform and fire where to gimmick..But dont tell me” (Dickens 419). By the end of the novel, Madame Defarge ultimately lasts terrifying in her unwillingness to deviate from her plan of revenge against the aristocrats. In Lord of he Flies by William Golding, zany wants nothing more than to be the abs olute ruler of the island. red cent explains â€Å" attached time there will be no mercy” (Golding 31). Golding added â€Å"he looked somewhat fiercely, daring them to contradict” (Golding 31). Jack tells that near time he will snatch at nothing to prove to the rest what he is capable of.As a endorse all of the boys start playing that they are killing a pig; however, when the kids become overwhelmed they end up killing Simon. The boys chant â€Å"kill the beastl Cut his throat! bolt his job! ” (Golding 152). The boys chanting in the raft gradually ecome blood thirsty as they pretend to kill the â€Å"pig”. They kill Simon when he crawls Into the circle for his turn to be pig. Because Jack has a desire for blood he shows no attempt to stop the boys from tearing Simon apart.Once He killed Piggy, Jack recognize that he had the ultimate power of the island. Jack then screamed â€Å"see? See? Thats what youll suck! I meant thatl There Isnt a folks for you anymorel”(Goldlng 181). Warning Ralph that he is next to smash and that the hunt for him is on. It is very clear to Roger and Jack that they can eliminate their threat, Ralph, from the island due to heir power over the tribe of sing boys. In Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer, the leaders of the groups become corrupt as they endure fear of dying on the mountain.http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air \r\nhttps://www.slideshare.net/egalbois/the-1996-everest-tragedy-case-studyhttp://www.jonkrakauer.com/bios/jon-krakauer\r\n'

'Season and Scientific Aspect\r'

'Essay I started fasting in Navratri that 2 years ago and continued property it for both the seasons. I was much interested in the scientific aspect of fasting, i. e. during the period of season modification human body is more prone to impertinent infections than rest of the year. Also praying to â€Å"shakti”, the power or verve which is source of all the actions and is best represented by solar influences is not only part of Hinduism simply every religion believes in it. So this behave of fasting, for me, is to maintain both physical and mental respite during climate change.The rules of Navratri clearly say that, we should not hire m polish off, alcohol, grains and regular salt. I always take replete calories which can buoy detect me going all twenty-four hours, so I don’t emotional state some(prenominal) difference from other days. There come a couple of(prenominal) moments of weaknesses when I can feel that my stomach is desolate and I can’t have anything to tucker out (because I don’t have admission to kitchenL) and when I want to eat something â€Å"chatpata” and again I can’t have it(because I am not allowed to L) .Most difficult of all is 8th day when it seems impossible to go on anymore and that in addition in a place where everyone else can eat pizza and chili potato. The people around you excessively affect a lot about how you feel in these days. It’s a lot easier to keep fast when I am at home. In a nutshell, 9 days of navratri are more about self control. The human body is detoxified repayable to this practice. In the end when it is over I can feel significant changes, I feel replete(p) because it becomes easier to avoid unhealthy meals. Basically this exercise is effectual in long term.\r\n'

'Bergala Resorts Assesment of Tourism with Sustainable Managment of Environmental Resources\r'

'â€Å"An Earth Lung termination” A Private res publica in the Daday deoxyadenosine monophosphateola Village, Thiruwanakanda, Beragala An judicial decision of touristry with Sustainable Management of environmental Resources †-Sustainable phylogenesis through regeneration and re- congealing programmes -engaging and sustaining communities -involving the topical anaesthetic community in developing income generation programmes -Local environmental, economic, and quality of life benefits -Protecting species and their habitats -eco certified trail building - puting medicinal plants/herbs Future Environmental Programmes -bio fuels -hydro power -carbon preservation\r\nReport For Alpha & angstrom; Omega Developers Pvt Limited 102/3 Dharmapala Mawatha, Colombo 07 demonstrate two hundred7 STUDY TEAM Dr. Gamini Hitinayake, Team Leader / woodsry Specialist, (Senior reader/ University of Peradeniya), Mr. K. B. Ranawana, phytology and Fauna Specialist (Senior proofreader / University of Peradeniya), Mr. M. I. D. H. Wijewickrama, Geologist (National build Research Organization), Mr. Pradeep Samarawickrama (Fauna Specialist), Mr. Alahakoon (Flora Specialist), Mr. Amila Ranasinghe (Flora Specialist), Mr. P. R. S. D. Bandaranayake (Flora Specialist). Study Team Name / expertness Dr.\r\nGamini Hitinayake, Team Leader / Forestry Specialist, (Senior Lecturer / University of Peradeniya) see www. pdn. ac. lk for much dilate. . He is a long-familiar and a conduct Forestry Specialist in Sri Lanka. Mr. K. B. Ranawana, Fauna Specialist (Senior Lecturer / University of Peradeniya). see www. pdn. ac. lk for more details. He is a headspring-known and atomic number 82 Fauna Specialist in Sri Lanka. Mr. M. I. D. H. Wijewickrama, Geologist (National building Research Organization-NBRO) He is working as a senior geologist attached to NBRO. He is well-known and leading Geologist in Sri Lanka. Mr. V. A. M. P.\r\nK Samarawickrama (Fauna Specialist) Experience as a F auna Specialist: •Bio-diversity hatful ,Phase dickens -Upper kotmale Hydropower decl are oneself , conducted by IUCN-Sri Lanka. •Bio-diversity assesment-2004, Rakawa,Ussangoda and Kalamatiya Sanctuaries,conducted by IUCN-Sri Lanka. •Fauna survey (Horton rank(a) National Park, Knuckles FR, Bundala National park). Mr. A. M. D. B. Alahakoon (Flora Specialist) Experience as a Flora Specialist: •Flora team up, seasonal variation and availability of food preferences by herbivore in Udawalawa National Park, Conducted by University of Peradeniya. Mr. Amila Ranasinghe (Flora Specialist)\r\nExperience as a Flora Specialist: •Flora team †Bio-diversity survey,Phase two -Upper Kotmale Hydropower Project, conducted by IUCN-Sri Lanka Mr. P. R. S. D. Bandaranayake (Flora Specialist) Presently working as a Technical byicer assigned for identifi ditchion of botany and assisting woodry research Experience as a Flora Specialist: Worked 06 years at the Royal botanical tends, Peradeniya as a Gardener. 1. Introduction 1. 1 Eco-tourism Tourism based on the innate(p) ecological features of the surface area as opposed to manufactured attractions or features same(p) old forts and structures is referred to as ecotourism.\r\nThis nature tourism promotes conservation and supports sustainable development. Environmentally responsible travel and ill fortune to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in found to enjoy, subscribe to and appreciate nature and any go with cultural features that promote conservation, rescue a veto visitation impact and provide for substantial upright active socioeconomic involvement of local anaesthetic populations. at a lower p beef up the right circumstances, ecotourism has proven to be one of the well-nigh forceive bastardlys to finance biodiversity conservation.\r\nIn to the racyest degree rich biodiversity areas, actual revenue flows for ecotourism are bring out than non-timber forest products and b iopharmacy, and comparable only to agroforestry. Beca persona the dominating husbandry use in protected areas and buffer regularises is husbandry and forestry, ecotourism is an opportunity for the creation of additional income to farmers / foresters and to generate pecuniary means for the management of protected areas, especially where governmental park management agencies have little resources. 1. 2 Agrotourism and Agro-ecotourism :\r\nThe symbiotic relationship surrounded by tourism and agri commerce that bed be found in agrotourism (i. e. holidays on farm kingdom) is a key element of an environmentally and socially responsible tourism in rural areas. bucolic hospitality offers new employment and income generating opportunities for rural populations, including agrotourism as expression and cultural exchange of agricultural practices, artistic heritage and craftsmanship and culinary traditions. Agrotourism may retain several forms: holiday farms, farmhouse bed-and-breakfa st, farm camping, mountain resorts, horse fancier centres and former(a) forms of rural accommodations.\r\nSuch facilities are an groundbreaking payment carcass for environmental services generated on and rough agricultural conveys While ecotourism is nature-based and agrotourism is farm-based, agro-ecotourism is a junto of both. The rural bring inscape, usually a combination of natural state and agro-ecosystems, is the most important resource for tourism development. It is taken for granted(predicate) that a diversified agricultural write downscape, with semi-natural habitats, has a great aesthetic and recreational potential over uniform, firm and/or polluted agricultural areas.\r\nIn Europe, agri-environmental policies practically promoted organic agricultural activities as a most effective means for landscape conservation: for example, the European Union Life Environment be sick outflow by the French Federation of Parks and reserves adopted extensive physical husba ndry to disallow the negative impacts of unmanaged forests on some botanical hayfield species and to promote a landscape quality winsome to tourists. Examples from the Alpine Region showed that agriculture (e. g. in Carinthia, Austria) well-kept an ecological value much more bewitching to tourists than areas where agriculture activities were extremely reduced.\r\nTropical countries that harbour uncomparable biodiversity have an untapped potential for generating tourism business around biodiversity-rich farms. For example, shade cacao and coffee farms have a higher biodiversity than forest habitats: families could receive capital for visitors access to their land for bird-watching or could be actively involved in the agro-ecotour. Agro-ecotourism in certain locations provides a strong economic incentive to small farmers to blame to biodiversity-friendly agriculture management. 2. Components of the project: PROPOSED AGRI TOURISM ACTIVITIES.\r\nOver shadow Stay: †Lodging an d Camping •Bed and breakfast only with organic foods. •Herbal Tea and new(prenominal) Herbal Drinks, such(prenominal) as Centella / Ranawara/ Rose /Beli etc. •Camp sites. •Stay in Log Cabins. •term of a contract Cabins for day trip/picnics . •Wedding, Reception & Honeymoons. Off the farm •Farmers Markets. •Road side produce stands. •Udawalawe / Kataragama / pitcher Country. •Tea Gardens & Factories •Cinnamon Gardens •Historical sites •Samanalawewa reference / Dam. • playslides Recreation activities and events •Organic Vegetable Cultivations. •Picturesque jungles/ savanna lands. tiping •Identification of flora / fauna. •Tea tasting. • soap holding ponds. •Natural stones houses. •Hiking. •Rock climbing. •Bird watching. •Meditation. a nonher(prenominal) planting activities: •Medicinal Garden •botanical Garden • Road side planting •Kumbuk •Ari burn downuts •Jak •Palm. •Aloe Vera. biotic community service projects Some component of the project income could be spent on the community service projects. •Schools • vacation spot •Community center •Water supply for local community •Electricity for local community • all other long felt needs as identified by the local community 3. methodology:\r\nA survey was conducted in the proposed land between 28th December 2006 and 15th January 2007 in come in to evaluate the potential of the proposed land for ecotourism. A team of specialists in the fields of forestry, flora, fauna and geology participated in the survey. 4. Findings of the bring 4. 1 Location and access: The proposed land go off be accessed from Balangoda via Kaltota, Meddabedda and from Beragala jointure via Tiriwanagama. The proposed land is located in the Badulla districts. 4. 2 Climate and priming coat: The proposed land go in the mid country intermediate zone of Sri Lanka, more specifically its within the IM2b agro-ecological region.\r\nThe 75% one-year rainfall expectancy of the area is over 1600 mm (Agro-ecological map of Sri Lanka, 2003). The elevation is approximately 200-300m above mean sea level. The rainfall distribution of the area is such that mid January to February and June to Mid September is dry, while other months of the year are wet. The convey area has a very(prenominal) steep, hilly and rolling terrain. disconcert 1. dry / wet months Dadayampola. MonthMAMJJASONDJF Wet / dry monthsWWW DDDD/WWWWW/DD Cropping season**********†The soils of the study area is consists of Reddish dark-brown Latosolic, Immature Brown Loam, Red Yellow Podzolics and Low Humic Gley in the low lying areas.\r\nThe physical characteristics of these soils are quiet to deep, well drained and relatively less susceptible for soil erosion. 4. 3 Land Use: Land use in the proposed land is shown in the Table 1. This shows that most of the land is covered with natural plant life. This natural botany, uneven topography and natural streams that flowing through and bordering the land have given rise to diverse compass of habitats and eco-units. These landscape characters have made this proposed land having so much of biodiversity and visual amenity. If developed properly this land could be made into a paradise for eco-tourists.\r\nThe riches of biodiversity recorded in contrastive land use is discussed in a different section. Table 1. Land use in the proposed land in the Dadayampola. phytology typeExtent (acres) riparian flora 43 Dense / firsthand forest305 Secondary forest 80 savanna forest195 strain fields 05 Total628 acres PART I. EVALUATION OF patterned BIODIVERSITY A detailed survey was conducted to evaluate the plant diversity in the land. The plant diversity in the different vegetation types were recorded. The details are discussed in the following section.\r\nThe com position of both woody and herbaceous plants were recorded during the survey. The common name, botanical name, family to which species belong, horizontal strata that species was recorded, resultant role form, conservation status and their dominance in the plant community was recorded. The summary Table shown below indicates that in that location is a high plant diversity in the proposed land. It also consist of reasonable number of autochthonal species. abridgment: Plant diversity in the proposed land. flora TypeTrees, shrubs and lianas buy ates and herbs SpeciesFamiliesEndemicSpeciesFamiliesEndemic\r\n particular forest 502605— Secondary forest4322012812- Savanna14 atomic number 600403- Rice fields0706002913- riparian462505— 1. primary quill FOREST: PRIMARY FOREST -Trees, bushs and oaken lianas FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth FormConservation StatusSpecies Stratacanopy Strata AnacardiaceaeSemicarpus obscuraBadullaTreeEndemicCD hoagie canopy Anacardiac eaeNothopegia beddomeiBalaTreeNativeCD/GV cover/Sub cover ApocynaceaeAlstonia scholarisRuk-aththanaTreeNativeD cover ApocynaceaePagiantha dichotomaDivi kaduruTreeNativeCDSub cover ArecaceaeCalamus sppWe welWoody ClimberNative BignoniaceaeStereospermum colais (S. ersonatum)Dunu madalaTreeNativeD cover ClusiaceaeGarcinia morellaGorakaTreeNativeCDSub canopy CombretaceaeTerminalia belliricaBuluTreeNativeCD cover EuphorbiaceaeMacaranga peltaaKendaTreeNativeCDSub canopy EuphorbiaceaeMallotus philippensisGulu kendaTreeNativeCDSub cover EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus polyphyllusKuratiyaSmall TreeNativeCD/GVSub cover/Understory EuphorbiaceaeMischodon zeylanicusThammanaTreeNativeCD/GVSub cover/Understory EuphorbiaceaeDimarphocalyx glabellusWelivennaSmall TreeNativeCDSub canopy/Understory EuphorbiaceaeDrypetes sepiariaWeeraTreeNativeD/CD cover FabaceaeAlbizzia odoratissimaHuri MaraTreeNativeDCanopy FabaceaeCentrosema pubescensCentroLianaNative FabaceaeCassia siameaWaTreeNativeDCanopy\r\nFabacea eEntada pusaethaPus welWoody LianaNative FlacortarceaeFlacourtia sppUguressaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy HernandiaceaeGyrocarpus americanusHama-gasTreeNativeDCanopy HippocrateaceaeSalacia reticulataHimbutuWoody ClimberNativeGVGround phytology LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaKudu-daulaTreeNativeCD/GVSub Canopy/Understory LauraceaeLitsea glutinosaBomeeTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MalpighiaceaeHiptage bengalensisPuwak-gediya-welWoody LianaNative MeliaceaeWalsura trifoliolata (W. piscida)Kiri-konTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MeliaceaeCipadessa baccifera HalbabiyaWoody ShrubNativeGVGround plant life MoraceaeAntiaris toxicariaRiti GasTreeNativeDCanopy MoraceaeFicus microcarpaPanu-nugaTreeNativeDCanopy\r\nMoraceaeFicus tinctoriaWal-ahetuTreeNativeDCanopy MoraceaeStreblus asperGeta NithulTreeNativeCDSub Canopy/Understory MyristicaceaeHorsfieldia iryaghedhiRuk TreeEndemicCDSub Canopy MyristicaceaeMyristicadactyloidesMalabadaTreeEndemicCDCanopy OchnaceaeOchna lanceolataBo keraSmall TreeNativeCD/GVUnderstory Piperace aePiper sylvestreWal-gammirisClipersEndemic RhamnaceaeZiziphus oenopliaHeena-eraminiyaWoody LianaNative RubiaceaeMussaenda frondosaMussandaWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy RubiaceaeAdina cordifoliaKolonTreeNativeDSub Canopy RutaceaeAcronychia pedunculataUn kendaSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy RutaceaeChloroxylon swieteniaBuruthaTreeNativeDCanopy\r\nRutaceaeNaringi crenulataWal BeliTreeNativeCDUnderstory RutaceaeGlycosmis mauritianaBol panaSmall TreeNativeGVUnderstory SapindaceaeAllophylus cobbeKobbeSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy/Understory SapindaceaeGlenniea unijugaWal moraTreeEndemicCDSub Canopy/Understory SapindaceaeSchleichera oleosaKonTreeNativeDCanopy SterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelangTreeNativeD/CD/GVCanopy/Sub Canopy/Understory SterculiaceaeSterculia foetidaThelambuTreeNativeDCanopy TiliaceaeGrewia oriantalisWel KeliaWoody ClimberNativeCDUnderstory UlmaceaeCeltis cinnamomiaGurendaTreeNativeCD/GVSub Canopy/Understory VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMillaTreeNativeDCanopy/Sub Cano py VerbenaceaePremna tomentosaSeruTreeNativeCDSub Canopy Species Strata: D-Dominant, CD-Co-dominant, GV-Ground vegetation 2. alternate FOREST- ABANDONED SUGAR CANE AND HOMEGARDENS SECONDARY FOREST †Trees, Shrubs and Woody lianas\r\nFamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth FormConservation StatusSpecies StrataCanopy Strata AnacardiaceaeMangifera indicaAmbaTreeIntroduced/CultivatedDSub Canopy AnacardiaceaeNothopegia beddomeiBalaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy ApocynaceaePagiantha dichotomaDivi kaduruTreeNativeCDSub Canopy CombretaceaeTerminalia bellericaBuluTreeNativeCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaeBridelia retusaKatakelaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaeJatropha curcasWeta endaruTreeIntroduced/CultivatedCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaeMacaranga peltataKendaTreeNativeDCanopy EuphorbiaceaeMallotus philippensisGulu petta,HampirillaTreeNativeDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus polyphyllusKuratiyaSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy FabaceaeCassia fistulaEhelaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy FabaceaeCassia spectabil isKaha konaTreeIntroducedCDSub Canopy FabaceaeBauhinia racemosaMilaTreeNativeCDCanopy\r\nFabaceaeGliricidia sepiumWeta-maraTreeIntroduced/CultivatedDCanopy FabaceaeTamarindus indicaSiyabalaTreeIntroduced/CultivatedDCanopy FlacortarceaeFlacourtia sppUguressaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy FlacourtiaceaeHydnocarpus venenataMakuluTreeEndemicDCanopy LauraceaeCinnamomum sppKuruduSmall TreeNativeCDUnderstory LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaKudu-daulaTreeNativeCDCanopy/Sub canopy LauraceaeLitsia glutinosaBo-meeTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MagnoliaceaeMichelia champacaSapuTreeIntroduced/CultivatedCDSub Canopy MalpighiaceaeHiptage bengalensisPuwak-gediya-welWoody LianaNativeSub Canopy MeliaceaeCipadessa bacciferaHal BabiyaSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy MoraceaeArtocarpus heterophyllusKosTreeIntroduced/CultivatedDCanopy MoraceaeStreblus asperGeta NithulTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MyrtaceaePsidium guajavaPeraSmall TreeIntroduced/CultivatedCDSub Canopy PiperaceaePiper nigrumGammirisClipersCultivated\r\nPuniccaceaePunica gr anatumDelumWoody ShrubIntroduced/CultivatedCDSub Canopy RhamnaceaeZiziphus oenopliaHeena-eraminiyaWoody LianaNative RubiaceaeMussaenda frondosaMussandaWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy RubiaceaePavetta indicaPawattaWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy RutaceaeAcronychia pedunculataUn kendaSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy RutaceaeGlycosmis mauritianaBol panaSmall TreeNativeGVUnderstory RutaceaeCitrus sppDodanSmall TreeIntroduced/CultivatedCDSub Canopy SapindaceaeAllophylus cobbeKobbeSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy SterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelangTreeNativeCD/GVUnderstory SterculiaceaeHelicteres isoraLihiniyaTreeNativeCD/GVSub Canopy TiliaceaeGrewea damineDamaniTreeNativeCDSub Canopy TiliaceaeMicrocos paniculataKohukirillaTreeNativeDCanopy TiliaceaeBerrya cordifoliaHul milla TreeNativeDCanopy UlmaceaeTrema orientalisGedumbaTreeNativeDCanopy VerbenaceaeClerodendrum infortunatumPinnaWoody ShrubNativeCDUnderstory VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMillaTreeNativeDCanopy VerbenaceaeGmelina asiaticaKethi dmataWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy Species Strata: D-Dominant, CD-Co-dominant, GV-Ground vegetation\r\nSECONDARY FOREST †smokinges and herbs FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth Form AcanthaceaeJusticia betonica Sudu purukHerb AmaranthaceaeAchyranthes asperaGas Karal HebaHerb AsteraceaeSynedrella nodifloraHulan thalaHerb AsteraceaeAgeratum conyzoidesHulan thalaHerb AsteraceaeVernonia cinereaMonara kudumbiyaHerb AsteraceaeMikania cordataGahala welLiana AsteraceaeEupatorium odoratumPodisinhomaranShrub ColchicaceaeGloriosa superbaNiyagalaLiana CommelinaceaeCommelina diffusaGira-palaGrass CommelinaceaeCommelina bengalensisDiya meneriGrass CommelinaceaeCynotis cristataBolvilaGrass EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus amarusPitawakkaHerb EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia hirtaBu-dada-kiriyaHerb\r\nFabaceaeDesmodium triflorumHeen udupiyaliHerb FabaceaeMimosa pudicaNidikumbaHerb FabaceaeClitoria ternatiaKata roduLiana MalvaceaeSida acutaGas-bevilaHerb MalvaceaeSida veronicifoliaBevilaHerb MalvaceaeUr ena lobataPatta apelaHerb MalvaceaeHibiscus furcatusNapiriththaClimber MenispermaceaeCyclea burmanniiKasipiththanLiana PoaceaeDigitaria sppGrass PoaceaeCyrtococcum trigonumGrass PoaceaePanicum maximumGinea grassGrass PoaceaeBrachiaria sppGrass TiliaceaeTrumfetta pentandraEpalaHerb VerbenaceaeStachytarpheta urticaefoliaBalu NagutaHerb VerbenaceaeLantana camaraGandapanaWoody Shrub 3. SAVANNA FOREST Savanna Forests: Trees, Shrubs and Woody lianas\r\nFamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth FormConservation StatusSpecies StrataCanopy Strata CombretaceaeAnogeissus latifollusDawuTreeNativeDCanopy CombretaceaeTerminalia belliricaBuluTreeNativeDCanopy CombretaceaeTerminalia chebulaAraluTreeNativeDCanopy EuphobiaceaePhyllanthus emblicaNelliTreeNativeCDSub Canopy FabaceaePterocarpus indicusWal GammaluTreeNativeDCanopy FabaceaeBauhinia racemosaMyilaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy LaecythidacaeaeCareya arboreaKahataTreeNativeCDSub Canopy LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaKudu-daulaTreeNativeGVUnderstory Lythra ceaeWoodfordia fruticosaMaliththaWoody ShrubNativeGVUnderstory RhamnaceaeZizyphus mauritianaDembaraWoody ClimberNative RhamnaceaeZiziphus oenopliaHeena-eraminiyaWoody ClimberNative\r\nRubiaceaeCanthium coromandelicumKaraShrubNativeCDSub Canopy RutaceaeChloroxylon swieteniaBuruthaTreeNativeGVUnderstory TiliaceaeGrewia damaniDamaniTreeNativeCDSub Canopy Species Strata: D-Dominant, CD-Co-dominant, GV-Ground vegetation Savanna Forests: Grass and Herbs FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth Form PoaceaeCymbopogon nardusPagiri ManaGrass AsteraceaeEupatorium odoratumPodisinhomaranShrub AsteraceaeElephantopus scaberAth adiHerb LabiataeLeucas zeylanicaThumbaHerb 4. ABANDONED paddy FIELD Abandoned Paddy Field: Trees, Shrubs and Woody lianas FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth FormConservation StatusSpecies StrataCanopy Strata FabaceaeGliricidia sepiumWeta-maraTreeIntroduced/CultivatedDCanopy FabaceaeCassia fistulaEhelaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy\r\nLaecythidacaeaeCareya arboreaKahataTr eeNativeCDSub Canopy MeliaceaeCipadessa baccifera HalbabiyaWoody ShrubNativeGVGround Vegetation RhamnaceaeZiziphus oenopliaHeena-eraminiyaWoody LianaNative SterculiaceaeHelicteres isoraLihiniyaTreeNativeCD/GVSub Canopy VerbenaceaeVitex negundoNikaWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy Species Strata: D-Dominant, CD-Co-dominant, GV-Ground vegetation Abandoned Paddy Field: Grass and Herbs FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth Form AcanthaceaeJustica betonica Sudu purukHerb AmaranthaceaeAchyranthes asperaGas Karal HebaHerb AsteraceaeSynedrella nodifoliaHulan thalaHerb AsteraceaeAgeratum conyzoidesHulan thalaHerb AsteraceaeVernonia cinereaMonara kudumbiyaHerb\r\nAsteraceaeMikania cordataGahala welLiana AsteraceaeEupatorium oderatumPodisinhomaranShrub CommelinaceaeCynotis sppGrass CyperaceaeCyperus sppGrass CyperaceaeFimbristylis sppGrass EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus amarusPitawakkaHerb EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia hirtaBu-dada-kiriyaHerb FabaceaeDesmodium triflorumHeen udupiyaliHerb FabaceaeMimosa pu dicaHerb FabaceaeClitoria ternatiaKata roduLiana LamiaceaeLeucas zeylanicaThumbaHerb MalvaceaeSida veronicifoliaBevilaHerb MalvaceaeSida acutaGas BevilaHerb MalvaceaeUrena lobataPatta apelaHerb MenispermaceaeCyclea peltataKasipiththanLiana PoaceaeImperata cylindricaIllukGrass PoaceaeDigitaria sppGrass PoaceaeCyrtococcum trigonumGrass\r\nPoaceaePanicum maximumAth-manaGinea grassGrass PoaceaeBrachiaria sppGrass PoaceaeEragrostis tenellaGrass TiliaceaeTrumfetta pentandraEpalaHerb VerbenaceaeLantana camaraGadapanaWoody Shrub VerbenaceaeStachytarpheta jamaicensisBalu NagutaShrub 5. RIPARIAN FOREST Riparian Forest -Trees, Shrubs and Woody lianas FamilyScientific NameVerniculer NameLife FormConservation StatusSpecies StrataCanopy Strata AnacardiaceaeMangifera indicaAmbaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy AnacardiaceaeSemicarpus obscuraBadullaTreeEndemicCDSub Canopy AnacardiaceaeNothopegia beddomeiBalaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy ApocynaceaePagiantha dichotomaDivi kaduruTreeNativeCDSub Canopy ClusiaceaeGarcin ia morellaGorakaTreeNativeDCanopy\r\nClusiaceaeGarcinia spicataEla-gokatu/GonapanaTreeNativeDCanopy CombretaceaeTerminalia arjunaKubukTreeNativeDCanopy DilleniaceaeDillenia indicaDiya-paraTreeNativeCDUnderstory DilleniaceaeDillenia retusaGoda-paraTreeNativeCDUnderstory EuphorbiaceaeMacaranga peltataaKendaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaeMallotus philippensisHampirillaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus myrtifolius Ganga-werellaShrubEndemicGVUnderstory EuphorbiaceaeDimorphocalyx glabellusWelivennaSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy FabaceaeAcacia caesiaHinguru welWoody LianaNative FabaceaePongamia pinnataMagul KarandaTreeNativeDCanopy FabaceaeCentrosema pubescensCentroLianaNative\r\nFabaceaeDelbergia pseudo-sissooBababara welWoody LianaNative FabaceaeDerris scandensKala welWoody LianaNative FlacourtiaceaeHydnocarpus veneataMakuluTreeEndemicDCanopy HippocrateaceaeSalacia reticulataHimbutuWoody ClimberNativeGVUnderstory LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaKudu-daulaTreeNativeCD/GVSub Cano py/Understory MalpighiaceaeHiptage bengalensisPuwak-gediya-welWoody LianaNative MelastomataceaeMemecylon angustifoliumKora kahaWoody ShrubNativeCD/GVUnderstory MeliaceaeWalsura trifoliolataKiri-koneTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MoraceaeFicus hispidaKotadimbulaTreeNativeGVUnderstory MoraceaeFicus microcarpaPanu-nugaTreeNativeDCanopy MoraceaeFicus tinctoriaWal-ahetuTreeNativeDCanopy MoraceaeAntiaris toxicariaRiti GasTreeNativeDCanopy\r\nMoraceaeStreblus asperGeta NithulTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MyrtaceaeSyzygium operculatumBata-dambaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy PandanaceaePandanus zeylanicusWeta-keyyaShrubNativeGVUnderstory PiperaceaePiper sylvestreWal-gammirisClipersEndemic RhamnaceaeZiziphus lucidaEraminiaWoody LianaEndemic RhamnaceaeZiziphus oenopliaHeena-eraminiyaWoody LianaNative RubiaceaeMussaenda frondosaMussandaWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy RubiaceaeIxora coccineaRathmalWoody ShrubNativeGVUnderstory RubiaceaeMitragyna parvifoliaHalambaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy RubiaceaeNauclea orientalisBuk meeT reeNativeCDSub Canopy RutaceaeAtalantia ceylanicaYakinaranWoody ShrubNativeGVUnderstory RutaceaeMurraya paniculataAtteriyaWoody ShrubNativeGVUnderstory SapindaceaeAllophylus cobbeKobbeSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy SapindaceaeSchleichera oleosaKonTreeNativeCDCanopy SapotaceaeMadhuca longifoliaMeeTreeNativeDCanopy\r\nSterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelanTreeNativeCO/GVSub Canopy/Understory VerbenaceaeClerodendrum infortunatumGas-pinnaWoody ShrubNativeGVUnderstory VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMillaTreeNativeDCanopy Note: The canopy and species stratas were added according to expressions. It indicates only its present canopy & species stratas during the observation period not the original stratas Species Strata: D-Dominant, CD-Co-dominant, GV-Ground vegetation PART II. EVALUATION OF FAUNAL BIODIVERSITY A detailed survey was conducted to evaluate the animal diversity in the land. The animal diversity in the different vegetation types were recorded. The details are discussed in the following section. The composition of butterfly, birds, amphibians, reptiles. look for and mammals were recorded during the survey.\r\nThe common name, zoological name, family to which species belong and conservation status was recorded. The summary Table shown below indicates that thither is a high animal diversity in the proposed land. It also consist of reasonable number of endemical/threatened species. Summary: Animal species recorded from the proposed land. Vegetation typeButterflyFishAmphibian reptilianBirdsMammals Species38O405234819 Family080304082612 Conservation status010000040405 Butterfly species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation StatusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forest swarm fauna PapilionidaeTroides darsiusCommon BirdwingE,TR cx0 Pachliopta hectorCrimson Rose1110 Pachiopta aristolochiaeCommon Rose1110 Papilio crinoBanded Peacock1100\r\nPapilio demoleusLime Butterfly0110 Papilio polymnestorBlue Mormon1100 Papilio polytesCommon Mormon0100 Graphium dosonCo mmon Jay1100 Graphium agamemnonTailed Jay0010 PiearidaeLeptosia ninaPsyche0010 Delias eucharisJezebel0010 Belenois aurotaPioneer0010 Appias albinaCommon Albatross0110 Appias paulinaLesser Albatross1110 Catpsilia pomonaLemon Eigrant0110 Eurema brigittaSmall Grass Yellow0110 Eurema hecabeCommon Grass Yellow0110 DanaidaeIdea similisBlue Glassy Tiger0110 Parantica agleaGlassy Tiger0110 Danaus ChrysisppusPlain Tiger0110 Danaus GenutiaCommon Tiger0110 Euploea coreCommon Crow1110 NymphalidaeJunonia iphitaChocolate Soldier1110 Hypolimnas bolinaCommon Egg fly1100\r\nNeptis hylasCommon Sailor1110 Cethosia nietneriCeylon lace Wing0010 Polyura athamasNawab0100 Charaxes solonBlack Rajah0100 AcraeidaeCirrochroa thais Yeoman0100 SatyridaeAcraea violaeTawny Costar0110 Melanitis ledaCommon Evening Brown1100 Orsotriaena medusNigger Brown0110 Nissanga patniaGlad eye Bush brown0110 LycaenidaeYpthima ceylonicaWhite Four-ring0110 Talicada nyseusRed pierrot0100 Prosotas noraCommon lineblue0010 Zizeeria ka rsandraDark Grass blue0100 HesperiidaeSuastus gremiusIndian Paim Bob0100 Fish species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation StatusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream fauna CyprinidaePuntius bimaculatus0001 Rasbora Sp. 0001\r\nSiluridaeWallago attu0001 ChannidaeChanna grachua0001 Amphibian species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservationNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream faunaRemarks BufonidaeBufo melonostictusCommon House Toad1110Adult, Juvenile family BrevicipitidaeMicrohyla ornataOrnate abbreviate mouth frog0001 RanidaeEuphlyctis cyanophlyctisSkipper Frog0001 Limnonectes limnocharisCommon Faddy Field frog0001 RhacophoridaePolypedates maculatuesCommon Tree frog1000 Reptile species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation statusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream faunaRemarks AgamidaeCalotes calotesGreen Garden Lizard1000 Calotes versicolourHome-garden Lizards1010\r\nOtocryptis wiegmanniSri Lanka Kangaroo LizardE,TR1100 GekkonidaeCnemaspis scal pensisRocky Day-geckoE1110 Gehyra mutilata Common House gecko0010 Hemidactylus leschenaultiiBark gecko1000 ScincidaeLankascincus sp. Lanka skinkE,TR1000 Mabuya maculariaSpotted skink0110 VaranidaeVaranus bengalensisLand Monitor0010 Varanus salvatorWater monitor0100 BoidaePhython molurusIndian Python1010 ColubridaeAhaetulla nasutaGreen vine snake in the grass1100 Dendrelaphis tristisCommon tan back1100 Elaphe helenaTrinket snake1000 Ptyas mucosusCommon Rat Snake0010 Atretium schistosumOlive keelback watersnake0001 Boiga forsteniForstens cat snake0010 Macropisthodon plumbicolorGreen keelback0010 Family:ElapidaeNaja najaIndian Cobra0010\r\ngenus Bungarus caeruleusCommon karait0010 Family:ViperidaeHypnale hypnaleHump nosed Viper1100 Trimeresurus trigonocephalusGreen Pit ViperE,TR1100 Vipera ruselliRussells Viper1110 Bird species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation statusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream fauna PhasianidaeGallus lafayettiiSri lanka jungle fowlE1110 Pici daeDinopium benghalense psarodesRed-backed woodpecker1110 MegalaimidaeMagalaima zelanicaBrown-headed barbet1110 Megalaima haelamimaCoppersmith barbet1110 BucerotidaeOcyceros gingalensisSri lanka gray hornbillE,TR1010 HalcyonidaeHalcyon smyrnensisWhite-breasted kingfisher0100 AlcedinidaeAlcedo atthisCommon Kingfisher0100\r\nMeropidaeMerops leschenaultiChest-headed bee-eater0010 CuculidaeHierococcyx variusCommon hawk Cuckoo1010 Eudynamys scolopaceaAsian Koel1100 CentropodidaeCentropus sinensisGreater coucal1010 PsittacidaePsittacula krameriRose-ringed parakeet1110 Loriculus beryllinusSri lanka hanging parrotE,TR1110 HemiprocnidaeHemiprocne longipennisCrested treeswift1110 StrigidaeKetupa zeylonensisBrown fish owl0100 ColumbidaeStreptopelia chinensisSpotted dove0010 Chalcophaps indicaEmerald dove1100 Treron pompadoraPompadour Green-pigeon0100 CharadriidaeVanellus indicusRed-wattled Lapwing0010 AccipitridaeSpilornis cheela Crested serpent eagale0010 Accipter badiusShikra0110 Haliaeetus leucogasterWhite-bellied Sea-eagle0100\r\nPhalacrocoracidaePhalacrocorax fuscicollisIndian Cormorant0101 CiconiidaeCiconia episcopusWoolly-necked Stork0100 LaniidaeLanius cristatusBrown Shrike0010 CorvidaeOriolus xanthornusBlack-hooded oriole1100 Dicrurus caerulescensWhite-bellied drongo1110 Corvus macrorhynchosLarge-billed crow0100 MuscicapidaeTerpsiphone paradisiAsian paradise-flycatcher1100 Rhipidura aureolaWhite-browed fantail flycatcher1000 Copsychus malabaricusWhite-rumped shama1100 Copsychus saularisOriental bushytail woodrat robin0010 Saxicoloides fulicataBlack-backed robin0110 SturnidaeAcridotheres tristisCommon myna0010 PycnonotidaePycnonotus melanicterusBlack-crested Bulbul1100 Pycnonotus caferRed-vented bulbul1110 Iole indicaYellow-browed Bulbul1100 CisticolidaePrinia socialisAshy prinia0010\r\nPrinia inornataPlain priniya0010 SylviidaeOrthotomus sutoriusCommon Tailorbird1110 PellorneumfuscocapillumBrown-capped babblerE,TR1100 Rhopocichla atricepsDark-fronted babbler110 0 Turdoides affinisCommon babbler1110 NectariniidaeDicaem agileThick-billed flowerpecker1110 Netarinia zelonicaPurple-ramped sunbird1100 Netarinia loteniaLong-billed sunbird0100 Netarinia asiaticaPurple sunbird1100 PasseridaeLonchura striataWhite-ramped munia1000 Lonchura punctulataScaly-breasted munia0010 Mammal species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation statusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream faunaRemarks CercopithecidaeMacaca sinica Toque Monkey1110\r\nTrachypithecus vetulusPurple-faced leaf monkeyE,TR1100 ManidaeManis crassicaidataIndian echidna 110Feeding signs PteropodidaePteropus giganteusFlying Fox0100 ScuridaeRatufa macroura Ceylon Giant Squirrel1100 Funambulus palmarumCeylon Palm Squirrel1100 Hystericidae Hystrix indicaIndian Porcupine1010Indirect observation ViverridaeParadoxurus hermaphroditusCommon Indian Palm-Cat1100 genus Herpestes fuscus Ceylon Brown Mongoose1010 Herpestes smithi Ceylon Ruddy Mongoose0010 FelidaePanthera pardusLeopardTR1110 Felis viverrinaIndian sportfishing CatTR1111 Felis rubiginosaCeylon Rusty-Spotted CatTR1110 ElephantidaeElephas maximusElephantTR1110 Suidae Sus scrofa Indian feral Pig1110Feeding signs TragulidaeTragulus meminnaIndian Mouse 1110 Cervidae Cervus unicolorSambur1110Feeding signs\r\nMuntiacus muntjak Barking Deer1110Indirect observation LeporidaeLepus nigricollisBlack-naped hare1110Indirect observation Key- E-Endemic species; TR-Threatened Faunal Diversity: In addition to observations of the study team following faunal species were identified based on the discussions with villagers. Table: Fish Species FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservationNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream fauna Remarks Status AnguillidaeAnguilla bicolourLevel finned-eel 0000Impromation Puntius dorsalisLong-snouted beam of light 0001Impromation Tor khudreeMahseer 0001Impromation CobitidaeLepidocephalichthys thermalisCommon Loach 0001Impromation GobiidaeAwaous melanocephalusScribbled Goby 0001Impromation Table : Amphibian species\r\nFamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation StatusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream fauna Remarks Microhylidae Ramanella veriegataSpadefoot Toad 1000Impromation RanidaeHoplobatrachus crassusJerdons Bullfrog 010 Impromation Rana temporalisBronzed Frog 110 Table: Reptile species FamilyCOMMON NAMEConservation StatusNatural ForestRiparian forestSavanna forestStream faunaRemarks Colubridae Brown vine snake 1110Villages Importations Boulenger. s bronze back 1000Villages Importations Gamma cat snake 1010Villages Importations PART III: VALUING THE TIMBER RESOURCES: financial value of the stand timber volume of the proposed land was estimated.\r\nTotal bloom (m) and Diameter at detractor Height (DBH in cm) of trees were was measured to estimate the standing tree volume. 1000m2 plots were used measure the trees in each vegetation type. The summary of the calculations are shown below: Summary: Value of standing timber (at 6the currant commercialize rates) V egetation typeTimber value per acreNo of AcresTotal value of trees (Rs. mil) Primary forest6. 34 mil3051933. 70 Secondary forest3. 146 mil80251. 68 Savanna0. 338 mil19565. 91 Riparian0. 588 mil4325. 28 Kumbuk trees in the riparian39. 18 mil (198 trees)-39. 18 haughty core2315. 75 1. PRIMARY FOREST Composition: Primary forest (10x100m) FamilyNameCommon NameD. B. H. (cm)Height (m)No. of Trees\r\nAnacardiaceaeSemicarpus obscuraBadulla35,43,45,518,10,11,134 AnacardiaceaeNothopegia beddomeiBala30,33,38,46,487,8,10,12,125 ApocynaceaeAlstonia scholarisRuk-aththana32-5612-188 BignoniaceaeStereospermum personatumDunu madala36-6310-166 ClusiaceaeGarcinia morellaGoraka23,37,449,11,143 CombretaceaeTerminalia belliricaBulu57,72,85,8715,18,25,264 EuphorbiaceaeMacaranga peltaaKenda36,3910,122 EuphorbiaceaeMallotus philippensisGulu kenda26,37,39,418,9,11,124 EuphorbiaceaeMischodon zeylanicusThammana33,387,92 EuphorbiaceaeDrypetes sepiariaWeera42,53,5711,13,153 FabaceaeAlbizzia odoratissimaHuri Ma ra36,42,46,558,9,10,134 FabaceaeCassia siameaWa31,35,36,45,4711,13,13,15,154\r\nHernandiaceaeGyrocarpus americanusHama-gas52,55,61,739,11,12,145 LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaKudu-daula33,3712,132 MeliaceaeWalsura piscidaKiri-kon36,38,46,508,8,12,144 MoraceaeAntiaris toxicariaRiti Gas48,52,63,68,7115-275 RubiaceaeAdina cordifoliaKolon31-7411-1812 RutaceaeChloroxylon swieteniaBurutha37. 42,45,48,6110-225 VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMilla53-8515-239 UlmaceaeCeltis cinnamomiaGurenda54,6810,172 SterculiaceaeSterculia foetidaThelambu37-5610-147 VerbenaceaePremna tomentosaSeru26,29,305,7,7,3 SapindaceaeSchleichera oleosaKon42-7813-267 SterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelang22-565-259 2. SECONDARY FOREST Secondary forest: Composition: 10x100m plot FamilyNameCommon NameD. B. H. (cm)Height (m)No. of Trees\r\nAnacardiaceaeMangifera indicaAmba30-5010-255 AnacardiaceaeNothopegia beddomeiBala18-5010-282 CombretaceaeTerminalia bellericaBulu38-8518366 EuphorbiaceaeBridelia retusaKetakela20-558-207 F abaceaeTamarindus indicaSiyambala30-7512-223 FabaceaeCassis spectabilisKahakona22-408-156 FlacourtiaceaeHydnocarpus venenataMakulu30-8016-323 LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaDaul-kurundu20-6512-258 MagnoliaceaeMichelia champacaSapu23-7510-253 MoraceaeArtocarpus heterophyllusKos26-9015-302 SterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelan25-7812-323 TiliaceaeGrewia damineDamaniya18-5710-225 TiliaceaeBerrya cordifoliaHalmilla16-4910-254 VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMilla21-5112-284 FabaceaeCassia fistulaEhela22-488-145\r\nEuphorbiaceaeMalotus philippensisHampirilla,Gulukenda31-548-163 3. SAVANNA FOREST Savanna: Composition: 10x100m plot Common NameNo of trees down the stairs different D. B. H. (cm) classesTotal ; 5 cm5 cm †15 cm15 cm -30 cm30 cm †50 cm Dawu38111032 Myila22 Kahata11 Wal Gammalu235 Bulu123 Aralu11 Debara2215 Total410191649 4. RIPARIAN FOREST Riparian Forest (Section A): Composition: 10x100m plot FamilyNameCommon NameD. B. H. (cm)Height (m)No. of Trees AnacardiaceaeMangifera indicaAmba30,35,637,9,153 SapindaceaeSchleichera oleosaKon34-5613-215 AnacardiaceaeMangifera zeylanicaEtamba39-9515-286 SapotaceaeMadhuka longifoliaMee41-9015-3210 ClusiaceaeGarcinias pp. Gonapana38-5611,14,153\r\nApocynaceaeAlstonia scholarisRuk attana33,54,5914,17,193 HernandiaceaeGyrocarpus americanusHama-gas37,44,48,5313,14,16,174 SterculiaceaeSterculia foetidaThelmbu43,4718,182 FabaceaeHamboltia laurifoliaGalkaranda31131 AnacardiaceaeSemecarpus obscuraBadulla34,28,399,11,133 EbenaceaeDiospyros quercitaKalumediriya36121 TiliaceaeBerrya cordifoliaHalmilla23,349,112 MeliaceaeWalsura trifoliolata( W. piscidia)Kirikoon28,36,36,329,10,10,104 ArecaaeaeCaryota urensKithul4191 DipterocarpaceaeHopea cordifoliaUva-Mandora47-7320-355 SapindaceaeSapindus trifoliusKahapenala2981 EuphorbiaceaeBridelia retusaKetakela32,369,102 Riparian Forest (Section B): Composition: 10x100m plot FamilyNameCommon NameD,B,H. (cm)Height (m)No. of Trees\r\nFlacourtiaceaeHydnocarpus veneataMakulu60,30,3520,8,123 SterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelan35,5014,122 VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMilla30,70,60,7010,18,15,184 EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus indicusKaraw40,4510,92 FabaceaePongamia pinnataMagul Karanda30101 SapotaceaeMadhuka longifoliaMee45,35,40,7015,12,12,184 AnacardiaceaeNethopegia beddomeiBala40,309,122 MoraceaeArtocarpus heterophyllusKos50121 EbenaceaeDiospyros malabaricaThimbiri30,4015,182 MyristicaceaeMyristica dactyloidesMalaboda50211 SapindaceaeDymorcarpus longanaMora60151 DipterocarpaceaeHopea cordifoliaUva-Mandora80,7521,182 FabaceaeEntada pusaethaPus wel30100 ;1 Kumbuk (Terminalia arjuna) trees in the river bank. No of Kumbuk (Terminalia arjuna) trees under different D. B. H. cm) classes Area30- 60 cm60- 75 cm75 †100 cm 100 -130 cm 130 -160 cm160 †200 cm200 cm;Total Area ‘A1111516132058 Area ‘ B ‘121113854154 Area ‘ C ‘12741030036 Area ‘ D ‘98181220150 Sub total442750462362 Grand total198 No of Kumbuk (Terminalia arjuna) tree s under different height (m) classes Area (as marked on the map);5m5-10m10-15m15-20m20-25m25-30m30m;Sub total Area ‘A071717134058 Area ‘ B ‘03292812054 Area ‘ C ‘0346176036 Area ‘ D ‘02312293150 Sub total015264487251 Grand total198 luck IV. Medicinal plants: Medicinal plants recorded from the Dadayampola land (71 species) is shown in the following Table: Medicinal plants recorded from the Dadayampola land. Botanic nameFamilyCommon Name 1Acacia caesiaFabaceaeHinguru wel Achyranthes asperaAmaranthaceaeGas Karal Heba 3Aconitum spp. AraceceAthudian 4Acronychia pedunculataRutaceaeUn kenda 5Adina cordifoliaRubiaceaeKolon 6Ageratum conyzoidesAsteraceaeHulan thala 7Allophylus cobbeSapindaceaeKobbe 8Alstonia scholarisApocynaceaeRuk-aththana 9Atalantia ceylanicaRutaceaeYakinaran 10Bauhinia racemosaFabaceaeMyila 11Bridelia retusaEuphorbiaceaeKetakela 12Careya arboreaLaecythidacaeaeKahata 13Cassia fistulaFabaceaeEhela 14Cipadessa baccifera MeliaceaeHal babiya 15Clerodendrum infortunatumVerbenaceaeGas-pinna 16Clitoria ternatiaFabaceaeKata rodu 17Cyclea peltataMenispermaceaeKasipiththan 18Delbergia pseudo-sissooFabaceaeBababara wel 19Derris scandensFabaceaeKala wel 0Desmodium triflorumFabaceaeHeen udupiyali 21Dillenia indicaDilleniaceaeDiya-para 22Dillenia retusaDilleniaceaeGoda-para 23Elephantopus scaberAsteraceaeAth adi 24Entada pusaethaFabaceaePus wel 25Euphorbia hirtaEuphorbiaceaeBu-dada-kiriya 26Ficus hispidaMoraceaeKotadimbula 27Garcinia morellaClusiaceaeGoraka 28Garcinia spicataClusiaceaeEla-gokatu/Gonapana 29Grewia oriantalisTiliaceaeWel Kelia 30Helicteres isoraSterculiaceaeLihiniya 31Horsfieldia iryaghedhiMyristicaceaeRuk 32Ixora coccineaRubiaceaeRathmal 33Justicia betonica AcanthaceaeSudu puruk 34Leucas zeylanicaLabiataeThumba 35Litsea glutinosaLauraceaeBomee 36Madhuca longifoliaSapotaceaeMee 37Mangifera zeylanicaAnacardiaceaeEtamba 8Memecylon angustifoliumMelastomataceaeKora kaha 39Mikania cordataAsteraceaeGahala wel 40Mi mosa pudicaFabaceae 41Mitragyna parvifoliaRubiaceaeHalamba 42Murraya paniculataRutaceaeAtteriya 43Mussaenda frondosaRubiaceaeMussanda 44MyristicadactyloidesMyristicaceaeMalabada 45Nauclea orientalisRubiaceaeBuk mee 46Neolitsea cassiaLauraceaeKudu-daula 47Ochna lanceolataOchnaceaeBo kera 48Pagiantha dichotomaApocynaceaeDivi kaduru 49Pandanus zeylanicusPandanaceaeWeta-keyya 50Phyllanthus amarusEuphorbiaceaePitawakka 51Phyllanthus emblicaEuphobiaceaeNelli 52Phyllanthus myrtifolius EuphorbiaceaeGanga-werella 53Pongamia pinnataFabaceaeMagul Karanda 54Pterocarpus indicusFabaceaeWal Gammalu 5Salacia reticulataHippocrateaceaeHimbutu 56Sapindus trifoliusSapindaceaeKahapenala 57Sida acutaMalvaceaeGas Bevila 58Sida veronicifoliaMalvaceaeBevila 59Sterculia foetidaSterculiaceaeThelambu 60Streblus asperMoraceaeGeta Nithul 61Tamarindus indicaFabaceaeSiyambala 62Terminalia arjunaCombretaceaeKubuk 63Terminalia belliricaCombretaceaeBulu 64Terminalia chebulaCombretaceaeAralu 65Urena lobataMalvaceaePat ta apela 66Vernonia cinereaAsteraceaeMonara kudumbiya 67Vitex negundoVerbenaceaeNika 68Walsura trifoliolata (W. piscida)MeliaceaeKiri-kon 69Woodfordia fruticosaLythraceaeMaliththa 70Ziziphus oenopliaRhamnaceaeHeena-eraminiya 71Zizyphus mauritianaRhamnaceaeDembara\r\nGEOLOGICAL REPORT OF THE LAND OF PROPOSED echo -TOURISM SITE AT DADAYAMPOLA, THIRIWANA KANDA, BERAGALA Introduction The proposed site placed at Dadayampola village, bound to the left bank of Kalkanna Oya, and mediocre above the Weli Oya Annicut. The site area is accessible from Balangoda via Kaltota, Medabedda and from Beragala junction via Thiriwanagama (Map 1-Location Map). Geological background of the site Geologically, this area belongs to alpine Complex and most high grade metamorphous judders can be identified in and around the proposed project area. The rock types commonly found belongs to alpestrine confused are, Garnet Sillimanite Gneiss, Quartzite, Marble, Calc gneiss, Charnockite etc. ( visit 2-Geology map).\r\nApart from those highland complex rocks, there are some rocks which are belongs to Wanni complex, such as pick apart granitoid gneiss, Pegmatitic granitoid gneiss and Hornblende Biotite gneiss. The area around proposed land is rich with very complex geologic structures, among those, local thrusts, Synforms, antiforms, shear zones and lineaments are remarkable. As this area lies to the second Peniplan (Witanage,1972) Northern direction to the study area, high cliffs and escarpments can be observed, which exists between 3rd and 2nd peniplan. excision of rock strata along faults, highly crushed (Mylonite) fresh formed week rock layers, fault spreadeagle and mobilized marble beds represent neo-tectonic movements of the area.\r\nAs a result of this complex geologic situation, gems and other on the button mineral deposits can be expected in the border area. But still those are not well identified and there are some deposits already known, i. e. Corundum, Tufa, Calcite, Fel dspar (Fig. 2) Figure 1: Complex geological structures represent neo-tectonic activities of the area, foreign (dark) fragment embedded in local host rock Figure 2: Abandoned gem pit. That represent near by villages have discovered the availability of precise minerals in the area This complex geological setting is delineated by the extremely complex rock strata orientations in the area. Dipping and strike of rock beds greatly vary in the vicinity.\r\nWithin the proposed site area, impure and pure quartzites, Marble, Charnockitic gneiss, and Pink Granitoid gneiss rock beds are identifiable. Those rocks in the site are trending N70? W with the dipping vertically. One prominent joint system was observed as N10? E with vertical dipping. Stream profit of the area is purely controlled by the geological structures. Figure 3: Highly jointed, vertical dipping Mable rock in the Kalkan Oya bed. Figure 4: Stream network of the area is completely controlled by the geological structures. Figure 5: The area is rich with geological structures and structural features. The Ubmagala rock, from the proposed site\r\nApart from geology, geomorphology is important for the effect of natural hazards in the area. Although the area is situated under the 3rd peniplane, there was no observations of previous event of landslide activities. The area is covered with residual soil derived from parent rocks except closer to the stream. A clean of river bank (not always) is alluvial deposit, which was transported from the river. Therefore availability of precise gem minerals is high in this area. But this was not studied well yet. Distribution of slope is presented in the Map 3 (Slope map), and that clearly shows majority of slopes in proposed project area is less than 30 degree. This is very favorable for hazard free environment.\r\nDiscussion / conclusion In the point of geological view, this area is a paradise for earth scientists. Undiscovered geological, mineralogical and structural geo logical features may give an advantage for a echo-tourism project with hazard free environment. Observed features related to neo-tectonic movements may need further study by earth scientists. According to the literature, concept of well un-proved symotogenic up-warping (Vithanage,1972) and availability of high precise gem minerals in the area can be explored with this proposed project. M. I. D. H. Wijewickrama, B. Sc(hons)-geology, P. G. Dip-Eng. Geology, M. Sc. -GIS and Remote Sensing Consultant Geologist\r\n'