It is Socially Irresponsible for Americans to Drive SUV an Example by

It is Socially Irresponsible for Americans to Drive SUV’s Americans are socially irresponsible when they drive monstrous SUVs and with the state of global warming increasing at a dangerous rate all people should make an effort to use less fossil fuel and create less pollution. Many people have the view that one person can not make a difference, this is not true. Americans for the most part have been ignoring their social responsibility. The cost of gas in America is significantly lower than other places in the world. America also has the largest vehicles on the road, and in turn use more fossil fuels that any other nation in the world. Need essay sample on "It is Socially Irresponsible for Americans to Drive SUVs" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Usually Tell EssayLab specialists: Who wants to write assignment for me? Professional writers suggest: Rely On Our Help In Essay Writing Essay Helper Online Best Essay Writing Service Best Paper Writing Service Custom Writing Reviews Fossil fuels provide roughly eighty-five percent of the world's commercial energy, and the automobile industry--the world's leading industry --is highly dependent on the oil industry--a close global second to the auto industry. Seven of the ten largest industrial corporations in the United States are either oil or auto companies. A substantial percentage of carbon dioxide emissions come from motor vehicle exhaust (Mayer, p. 1). Americans use more fossil fuels than any other nation and therefore submit more emissions into the atmosphere causing global warming one a large scale. By abusing the resources available to them Americans are socially irresponsible when it comes to auto mobiles and the use of fossil fuels. The two greatest contributors to global warming are well known and publicized. Americans can help slow global warming simply by driving more environmental conscious vehicles. Americans can slow down the burning of fossil fuels by switching to hybrid vehicles or alternative energy vehicles, making sure all vehicles on the road pass emissions tests, and discontinue driving oversized vehicles that take more fossil fuel and because more emissions to be released Americans can contribute to slowing global warming. The effects of global warming are being felt worldwide. Global warming and the melting of polar ice cover is predicted to raise ocean levels worldwide, directly impacting on island nations who plead most strongly for restraint of fossil fuel consumption by industrialized nations" (Mayer, p. 1). Americans are the greatest contributors to global warming. Some alternative fuel methods have been tried and found to be very successful. Another strategy for reducing fossil fuel emissions from vehicles is to shift to alternate fueled vehicles, various choices include electric, natural gas, methane, and fuel cell vehicles (Mayer, p. 1). It is a great thing that the government and some environmentally conscious states have started to support energy efficient vehicles. The federal government has provided some limited support for the development of alternate fueled vehicles, while California has mandated that companies selling vehicles there market a certain percentage of zero emission vehicles, or ZEVs(Mayer, p. 1). Although a small effort is made by certain states is not enough to stop a global problem. Hybrid vehicles help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and Americans need to accept their social responsibility, start driving hybrid vehicles, and stop driving SUVs. The energy consumption of the people of the United States is of great concern both to our nation and the worlds environmental concerns. Congress is well aware of our countries contributions to global warming. In 2002 the Senate passed legislation that would raise average fuel efficiency standards to 36 mpg by 2015, a standard that would classify minivans and SUVs as passenger vehicles rather than light trucks (Mayer, p. 1). In less than ten years the classification will have an effect on the people on the United States. This amount of time is crucial when we consider the state of ozone layer and the steady increase of global warming. It is great legislation is being passed, but more legislation needs to be past to ensure that Americans take a stand against global warming. As a nation we would hope that humans would make the right choice and consciously choose to support the health of the environment, the very source that sustains us. Even megastars, such as Penelope Cruz and Leonardo DiCaprio, are trying to encourage people to drive green vehicles. There have also been many celebrities choosing to go green and help save the world. Stars Penelope Cruz and Leonardo DiCaprio hosted a Pre-Oscar green party to show their support of electric cars. They, along with several other celebrities, opted to drive themselves to the Oscars in their new electric cars. The point was clear; everyone needs to take steps to prevent global warming (and you should hurry up and jump on the band wagon celebrities are giving up limo rides!). The Pre-Oscar green party is was a genius idea as the Oscars are huge and people from all over the world partake in the nights events. The marketing behind such an event draws attention to the eco friendly cause. The same evening Al Gore was honored with an Oscar for his documentary about global warming. People are being made aware of the need for change. Now the effect needs to be played out and Americans need to held responsible for there actions. To make changes we need to specifically "explore the complex interactions and mutual influences of philosophy, evolutionary biology, ethics--conceptual enterprises all--and our primary interactions and encounters with humans and nature in everyday life"(Donnelley, p. 1). Many previous threats posed clear and present danger; global warming is far more subtle, warning us not with roaring tanks or burning rivers but with invisible gases, slow changes in our surroundings, increasingly severe climatic disruptions that, thank God, have not yet hit home for most Americans. But make no mistake. The problem is real. And if we do not change our course now, the consequences sooner or later will be destructive for America and for the world (Johansen, p. 13). Knowing this we as a nation need to take a stand and make changes now, not ten years from now. Global warming trendsetters are paving the path towards a better world by trying to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But with every action there of course is a reaction. Many SUVs supporters have geared up towards the cause claiming that SUV drivers are socially conscious and think before they pollute. Take a look at the thinking behind an SUV ad that appeared in Washington DC funded by an outfit known as the Sport Utility Vehicle Owners of America (SUVOA). Critics were asking the wrong question, the ads suggested. The right question was "What Does Jesus Drive?" Jesus, in this case, was Jesus Rivera, a proud father and Vietnam veteran. He was also, the ad informed readers, one of 24 million who rely on their SUVs to "carpool friends and family; tow boats, campers and trailers; haul home improvement supplies; and"--lest SUV owners he accused of selfishness--"volunteer to take people to the hospital in snow emergencies." The new group reported The New York Times, was "a fledgling association of owners of sport utility vehicles ... taking aim at their critics" (Roth 1). Critics they do have and although this is one way to look at SUVs. But the evidence is quite clear and the fact remains that SUVs are gas guzzling environmental hazards. Everyone should take a step towards stopping global warming. Switching to hybrid vehicles is one way we could make a difference. Other nations such as England have been encouraging the United States to take action since 1997. At that time British Prime Minister of Environment, Michael Meacher, urged Americans to take action. He said it is now time for the Americans to show greater leadership (in environmental policies)" (Johansen, p. 48). England is taking a conscious step encouraging residents to purchase eco-friendly cars. London council has announced it is to give drivers of eco-friendly cars free residents' parking permits saving citizens over 110 pounds a year (Free parking for). America needs to follow in the footsteps of the British and offer incentives, fringe benefits so to say, to owners of eco-friendly cars. This will encourage Americans and help us, as a nation, take one step closer to claiming our social responsibility as inpiduals and a nation. References Donnelley, Astrakhan. "Natural Responsibilities: Philosophy, Biology, and Ethics in Ernst Mayr and Hans Jonas." The Hastings Center Report 32.4 (2002): 36+. Questia. 21 Mar. 2007 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002488050>. Johansen, Bruce E. The Global Warming Desk Reference. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002. Questia. 21 Mar. 2007 . "Free Parking Permits for Eco-Cars." BBC News 15 Mar. 2007. 21 Mar. 2007 . Lackner, Klaus S., and Jeffrey D. Sachs. "A Robust Strategy for Sustainable Energy." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (2005): 215+. Questia. 21 Mar. 2007 . Mayer, Donald O. "Corporate Governance in the Cause of Peace: An Environmental Perspective." Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 35.2 (2002): 585+. Questia. 21 Mar. 2007 . Shiflett, Dave. "Guzzling, Gorgeous & Grand: SUVs and Those Who Love Them." National Review 11 June Questia. 24 Mar. 2007 . "SUVs Save Lives!." The Wilson Quarterly Summer 2001: 84. Questia. 24 Mar. 2007 .

Lord of the Flies Literary Analysis Essay Essay Essays

Lord of the Flies Literary Analysis Essay Essay Essays Lord of the Flies Literary Analysis Essay Essay Paper Lord of the Flies Literary Analysis Essay Essay Paper After analysing the characters in William Golding’s novel. Lord of the Flies. one can acknowledge that many of the characters embody the subject of the novel. One of the outstanding subjects in Lord of the Flies is man’s interior barbarian ; man’s inhumaneness to others. and Golding manages explore and capture this subject in a manner that is gratifying to read. Three characters in the book who genuinely illustrate the subject of man’s interior barbarian ; man’s inhumaneness to others are Jack. Ralph. and Simon. The subject of the novel. man’s interior barbarian ; man’s inhumaneness to others is most evident in Jack Merridew’s character. Our first true glance into Jack’s interior monster occurs after he kills his first hog: His head was crowded with memories ; memories of the cognition that had come to them when they closed in on the fighting hog. cognition that they had outwitted a living thing. imposed their will upon it. taken away its life like a long satisfying drink ( Golding. 81 ) . Jack’s excitement stems from holding â€Å"outwitted† a living thing. and holding â€Å"imposed† his will on it. which he subsequently does with Simon. and Piggy. Jack truly has no ground for killing demoing that. â€Å"Perhaps the most distressing motivations for killing is merely for the bang of it. † ( Ramsland. 3 ) . Throughout the book. Jack is driven by his thirst for power. and is willing to travel to any lengths to acquire what he wants. which includes killing anybody that steps in his manner. He easy begins to lose his scruples. as shown by the fact that he feels no compunction. guilt. or repent after take parting in the barbarous slayings of both Simon. and Piggy. The fact that Ja ck could turn from a proper. English male child to a liquidator who can kill and experience no compunction. shows that Jack does harbor a monster inside of him. is a barbarian. and he is really capable of being inhumane to others. therefore. exemplifying the subject of the novel. Another character who briefly illustrates the subject of the novel is Ralph. Ralph shouldered the duty of delivering all the male childs. turn outing him to be the leader that the male childs on the island needed. but even so. Ralph senses himself falling into the same savageness as the other male childs at times during the book. On the Hunt that Ralph participates in. Ralph’s interior barbarian has one of its lone chances to uncover itself. â€Å"Ralph excessively was contending to acquire nigh. to acquire a smattering of that brown. vulnerable flesh. The desire to squash and ache was over-mastering† ( Golding. 164 ) . This Hunt proved that even Ralph. the reasonable. responsible. and rational leader who represented the battle for order. civilisation. and democracy on the island. has an interior barbarian. merely waiting to acquire out. Near the terminal of the book. Ralph was close to falling victim to the other boy’s savageness as they were trailing him through the island. ready to kill him. He trips and falls at the pess of an officer. and begins to shout. â€Å"Ralph wept for the terminal of artlessness. the darkness of man’s bosom. and the autumn through the air of a true. wise friend called Piggy† ( Golding. 290 ) . Ralph calls for all that he has lost. and at that minute. he realizes that he will neer be the same since he has learned about the immorality that lurks within all worlds. exemplifying the subject of man’s interior barbarian ; man’s inhumaneness to others. Man’s interior barbarian ; man’s inhumaneness to others is first recognized by the character. Simon. in the novel. Lord of the Flies. When the male childs discuss the possibility of there being a animal on the island. Simon steps frontward and says. â€Å"Maybe it’s merely us. † ( Golding. 126 ) implying that it was the boys themselves who were the â€Å"beast† . capable of aching. of killing. and of perpetrating other Acts of the Apostless of immorality. This subject is explored prior to the violent death of Simon. the other male childs chant. â€Å"Kill the animal! Cut his pharynx! Spill his blood! Do him in! † ( Golding. 219 ) and when Simon is being murdered. Golding describes it in barbarous item to stress the inhumaneness shown by the other male childs. and to demo how barbarian they have become: The sticks fell and the oral cavity of the new circle crunched and screamed. The animal was on its articulatio genuss in the centre. its weaponries folded over its face. It was shouting out against the detestable noise something about a organic structure on the hill. The animal struggled frontward. broke the ring and fell over the steep border of the stone to the sand by the H2O. At one time the crowd surged after it. poured down the stone. leapt on to the animal. screamed. struck. spot. torus. There were no words. and no motions but the lacrimation of dentitions and claws ( Golding. 219 ) . On the island. Simon was the lone character to stand for hope. and artlessness. but in the terminal. he was a direct consequence of the other boy’s savageness. and inhumaneness. His decease signified the terminal of artlessness. and goodness on the island. In William Golding’s book. Lord of the Flies. the subject of man’s interior barbarian ; man’s inhumaneness to others is explored in many ways. one of them being through the characters Jack. Ralph. and Simon. Jack embodies this subject the most. since he is the first to turn barbarian. and enforce his will on the other male childs. Ralph comes near to going a barbarian at times throughout the book. and Simon is one of the lone characters who manages to maintain his artlessness. but is a direct consequence of the savageness shown by the other male childs on the island in the terminal. William Golding managed to research and capture the subject of man’s interior barbarian ; man’s inhumaneness to others absolutely in his book. Lord of the Flies in a manner that is gratifying for all to read. Plants Cited Golding. William. Lord of the flies. New York: Coward-McCann. 1962. Print. Ramsland. Katherine. â€Å"The Unthinkable - Children Who Kill and What Motivates Them† Retrieved December 2. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. trutv. com/library/crime/serial_killers/weird/kids2/index_1. hypertext markup language

International Business Management Research Proposal

International Business Management - Research Proposal Example Such enterprises are not only supposed to come out with cost effective solutions to the energy needs but they are also supposed to make provision for the environment friendly techniques. Recently concluded UN environment summit at Copenhagen highlighted host of issues related to industry and business. Conflict of interest was apparent when the world leaders could not agree on a common binding declaration. Environmentalists say that the industry has a larger interest and bigger role in letting the conference fail. While all concerned appear to agree on protecting the environment, the cost of adopting alternative fuel seems to act as a dampener. For example, government of UK has planned out to make use of 15 percent of its energy requirements through alternative means within the next 10 years. But experts are sceptical about this ambitious plan citing a number of practical considerations like higher costs, requirement of more space, lesser efficient processes etc. (Kahya, 2009). We are living in a highly industrialised world today, which requires energy in different forms for allowing the developmental policies go ahead. At the same time, we need to make sure that the world remains liveable for generation to come. Having recognised the urgency to adopt environment friendly measures, the European Commission's Fifth Action Programme on the Environment entitled "Towards Sustainability" calls for enterprises to (Herath, 2005): Disclose in their annual reports details of their environmental policy and activities, and the effects thereof Detail in their accounts the expenses on environmental programmes and a clear definition of such expenses; and Make provision in their accounts for environmental risks and future environmental expenses Oil and Gas form key energy sources and it is because of the fast growing consumerist society that despite a consistent increase in the crude oil prices over the years, its use has not decreased. Instead the use of oil and gas has kept growing over the years. As per the report from the Energy Information Administration (EIA) titled, 'International Energy Outlook 2008', Carbon dioxide happens to be the most abundant anthropogenic (human-caused) greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (EIA, 2008). The report indicates that 'Carbon dioxide emissions per capita in the OECD economies are significantly higher than in the non-OECD economies. Industrial sector is considered to be one of the main pollutants of greenhouse gases. Therefore while venturing out in the international arena, a company is required to be well aware about the standards set by the industry and the governments in regard to the environment. Renewed emphasis on alternative fuels has certainly made things more competitive for the oil and gas sector. But, the fact that it is considered as one of the most dependant and cost effective sources of energy by the industries as compared to the renewable sources will help a company to make a successful foray in the international arena. Research Questions and Objectives This study is primarily being undertaken to study how a company will be able to successfully manage its international venture. The study will try to seek answers to the following key objectives. To analyze the levels of competition and management scenario in the oil and gas s

SWOT Analysys Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SWOT Analysys - Coursework Example The legendary growth of the organization is manifested in extending the scope of operations into more than 220 countries world wide with 300,000 employees working through four specifically defined lines of operations: express, freight forwarding, supply chain and mail. In 2002, DHL was consolidated and owned by Deutche Post World Net but retained the famous corporate and brand name. The mission of DHL is to provide excellent customer service in the field of international express transport and logistics and to achieve is goal of being the logistics company of the world (DHL: Strategy, 2011, par. 2). Management strives to achieve this mission by adhering with strict standards of quality and ethical responsibility of preserving and protecting the environment as they utilize various resources effectively and efficiently. II. Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses A. Competent Leadership and Managerial Expertise One of the strengths of DHL is its pool of competent, qualified and diverse leaders who are deemed experts in their respective fields of endeavor. This is a distinctive competence because as it operates in various parts of the world, strong leadership drive and potentials are honed through various incentives and strategies that promote â€Å"self-initiative among our employees through such activities as idea management, reward individual performance and attach great importance to team spirit. The First Choice Program, a critical pillar of our growth strategy, is designed to achieve systematic performance improvements at the interface with the customer† (DHL: The Group, 2011, par. 1). By motivating, developing and maintaining its diverse pool of personnel, their skills are effectively harnessed towards achievement of its corporate mission and goals. B. The Ability to Steer Growth in Strategic Locations DHL had been successful in identifying strategic locations around to world to expand its operations on a global scale. The study conducted by FAI Consu lting Services (2009) revealed that â€Å"the company has employed cross-functional teams around the world to plan, design, and manage facilities† (par. 4). In a span of 4 decades, the number of global partners dramatically increased by enhancing â€Å"its expertise by purchasing other leading logistics companies, e.g. 1999 acquisition of Danzas, 2004/2005 acquisition of 88 percent of shares of Indian express company Blue Dart, end of 2005 acquisition of Exel† (DHL: Facts and Figures, 2010, par. 6). C. Tendency for Complacency A study written by Apostolopoulos, et.al. (1998) indicated that there is an eminent weakness facing corporate employees as they manifest tendencies for complacency. The rationale for this is the market leadership prominently gained by DHL over the years. The exemplary working environment accorded personnel job satisfaction level that gave them benefits they deemed were more than expected and therefore should not be challenged nor disrupted. The o rganization can minimize this weakness through more challenging performance evaluation and appraisal programs that gauge their work attitude and apply appropriate sets of rewards and penalties as deemed necessary. 2. Discuss how the organization can minimize this weakness. D. Reported Poor Customer Service In sites that reveal customer complaints, DHL customers were objecting the poor customer service manifested

Comparing the Education System in the United States and Afghanistan Research Paper

Comparing the Education System in the United States and Afghanistan - Research Paper Example Recent estimates put the number of learners at five point four million with girls comprising thirty-five percent (Baker, 2008). Afghanistan currently boasts of an enrolment rate that is even higher than before the Taliban bans on secular education. Access to education is now provided to all Afghanis free of charge. The right to education is now enshrined in the Afghanistan up to a high school level and is free of charge. In the US, education is also a right that is enshrined in the constitution. Contrary to the Afghanistan situation the United States has always had universal access for everyone of school going age in public schools. America education system is compulsory for all learners below the age of eighteen. The US literacy rate stands at 99% with this figure being roughly equal for both men and women (Wadhwa, 2011). The United States just like Afghanistan employs the k12 system with elementary, primary and high school being compulsory and higher education being optional and pr ivately funded and controlled. Approved homeschooling programs are also allowed.Schooling in Afghanistan Since 2001 Since the toppling of the Taliban regime in 2001 and the setting up of the Karzai government a lot of changes have taken place with regard to education in Afghanistan. The schooling system is, however, facing many challenges in its quest for providing education to all Afghanis. The system is plagued by an influx of students who number approximately six million yet there are not enough teachers to teach.  Ã‚  

Rainbow Parrotfish Scarus Guacamaia

Rainbow Parrotfish Scarus Guacamaia Abstract The rainbow parrotfish Scarus guacamaia is a prominent herbivore in the coastal waters of southeastern Florida whose life history is strongly linked to a dependence on both mangrove and coral reef habitats. Rainbow parrotfish also serve in maintaining the health of coral reefs by keeping algal populations in check. Using NOAA fisheries data from the Mangrove Visual Census and the Reef Visual Census, this study focused on observations of this species in Biscayne Bay and the Upper Florida Bay in order to quantify occupancy and to examine the different factors that affect the presence and absence, and the ontogenetic shifts present in this species between juvenile and adult stages. Logistic regression was used to predict abundance and occurrence using the environmental variables of temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, average depth, and distance from channel openings. Presence and absence were also measured against mangrove cover, bottom substrate type, and shoreline development. It was found that salinity, average depth, and distance from channel openings were significant in predicting the occurrence of this species, while temperature and dissolved oxygen were not. Conservation efforts for this species, listed as vulnerable under the IUCN, need to be given greater consideration as the health of this and other parrotfish may be useful in determining the management breadth and priorities on coral reef ecosystems across the Caribbean Sea. Key words: rainbow parrotfish, mangroves, logistic regression, conservation, land-use planning. Acknowledgements In completing this thesis research, I would foremost like to thank my advisor, David W. Kerstetter, Ph.D., and committee members John F. Walter III, Ph.D. and Richard E. Spieler, Ph.D., whose input and guidance has been critical in moving forward through this project. I would like to thank David L. Jones, Ph.D. for his assistance on equations and statistics. For their assistance in various aspects of ArcGIS, I would like to thank Brian K. Walker, Ph.D. and Kristian Taylor. Notably, I would like to thank James A. Bohnsack, Ph.D. and Joseph E. Serafy, Ph.D. and their work, without whom, this research could not have taken place. I would like to thank my lab mates, especially Bryan Armstrong, Shannon Bayse, Amy Heemsoth, Cheryl Cross, and Kerri Bolow for all their feedback, inquiries, assistance and advice throughout the entire research process. Finally, I would like to thank my family and all my friends for their tireless support and unfailing encouragement in the completion of my thesi s work. Introduction Life History of the Rainbow Parrotfish Rainbow parrotfish Scarus guacamaia is the largest herbivorous fish in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea and is found in both mangrove and coral reef habitats (Mumby 2006). The rainbow parrotfish is a large, heavy-bodied, and laterally compressed fish, compared with other species of reef fish. It has a fusiform body shape with dull orange fins possessing streaks of green extending into the dorsal and anal fins; median fin margins are blue in color with the dental plates appearing a blue-green. In this species there appears to be no obvious color differentiation based on sex (Cervigà ³n 1994). Rainbow parrotfish are behaviorally cautious in nature, and are generally observed in isolation, though they can be found in schools of up to thirty individuals (Dunlop and Pawlik 1998). It has a daily home range of about 1000 m3 (Smith 1997), and occupies varying depths from the surface to 25 m. It depends on corals for shelter and space to inhabit (Cole et al. 2008) and seeks shelter under ledges at night or when threatened. The species has been shown to use the angle of the sun as an aid in returning to these shelters (Smith 1997). Rainbow parrotfish are herbivorous fish that, like most members of the Scaridae family, feed mainly by scraping macro-algae from coral structure (Bellwood et al. 2004). However, it has also been observed to feed directly on coral (Rotjan and Lewis 2006) and gut content analyses have revealed spicules from feeding on sponges (Dunlop and Pawlik 1998). Rainbow parrotfish life history characteristics are reasonably well known. It is a protogynous hermaphrodite, meaning individuals in this species undergo a sex change between their initial phase, where they are generally female and terminal phase, where they are male. Terminal phase male rainbow parrotfish defend a territory and a harem of females, and when the male dies, the most dominant female will become the dominant male, with her ovaries becoming functional male testes (Streelman et al. 2002). Like other species in this family, peak spawning occurs primarily in warmer summer seasons from May to August, but can occur year-round, and there is an active period of recruitment into the population occurring around February in this region (Haus et al. 2000). Spawning is found to take place generally around dusk, and may correlate to either the lunar cycle or the high tide, as this is an optimal time for egg dispersal. The initial phase is composed of females while the terminal phase i s composed of sexually mature males. Rainbow parrotfish aggregate into territories that contain a group of females and the dominant male, which pair-spawns almost exclusively within this group (Munoz and Motta 2000). The rainbow parrotfish is a relatively large reef fish, compared to most species of reef fishes in the Caribbean, and can achieve a maximum length of 120 cm (TL). The estimated K value of 0.293 equates to a minimum population doubling time of approximately four and a half to fourteen years (Robins and Ray 1986; Randall 1962). Observations of rainbow parrotfish have been made in waters with temperatures ranging from 12-36  °C, salinities ranging from 23.74 to 39.1 †° (parts per thousand), and dissolved oxygen concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 14.07 †° (Serafy et al. 2003). The species wide range of tolerances to these factors is most likely an adaptation to the wide range of its known habitats. These habitats range from estuaries to offshore areas, both of which are subject to large pulses of freshwater and storm events. The varied thermal and oxic conditions cannot be exploited by less tolerant species and may be beneficial in providing refuge from predators, foraging gr ounds, or potential nursery areas (Rummer et al. 2009). The diet of rainbow parrotfish has been shown to be variable across life stages and habitats. In the Dunlop and Pawlik (1998) study, sponge spicules were found in higher masses in the individuals collected from the mangrove sites as compared to those from coral reefs, suggesting there are shifts in diet preference based on the food sources available. A secondary food source is coral, as rainbow parrotfish has been classified as a facultative corallivore based on direct observations, meaning coral can be either a majority of their diet or only a minor component. These fish impose more permanent and chronic pressures on scleractinian corals (those that generate a hard skeleton such as Montastrea and Porites species) meaning there is repeat scraping activity on these corals, and the damage caused is longer lasting. However, chronic predation may play a factor in regulating distribution, abundance, and fitness of certain prey corals (Cole et al. 2008). Though not fully known, this corall ivory may be part of an ontogenetic diet shift, meaning coral is only an important food source for part of their lives, accounting for less than five percent of their bites (Cole et al. 2008). Along with this diet selectivity comes the ability to cause significant damage to corals by biting off growing tips or large portions of skeletal material, which means they are capable of having a disproportionately large impact on the physical structure of Caribbean reefs (Cole et al. 2008). It has also been observed that grazing reduced the density of zooxanthellae and increased the severity of a bleaching event in Belize (Cole et al. 2008). Rainbow parrotfish use a feeding method of scraping or grinding algae from the coral or other rocky substrate, and sometimes inadvertently ingests coral animals as well. The hard coral substrate is broken down through its digestive system, and the excretion of this limestone material is one of the main sources in the creation of the sand surrounding cora l reefs in the Caribbean. Parrotfishes are known to become progressively more important to coral reef ecosystems upon reaching a certain key size around 15-20 cm, at which point they become functionally mature (Lokrantz et al. 2008) and their actions provide a significant impact on the coral reef. This impact increases exponentially as there is a non-linear relationship between body size and scraping function. Calculations have suggested that up to 75 individuals with a size of 15 cm are required to functionally compensate for the loss of a single 35 cm individual, and a 50% decrease in body size can result in a 90% loss of function provided to the ecosystem (Lokrantz et al. 2008). In addition, the level of grazing impact in mangrove systems is also a power function of body length. A conservative estimate places the home range of S. guacamaia at 1600 m3 (Mumby and Hastings 2008), which is larger than that of many other scarids. Rainbow parrotfish also represents approximately 14% of the total grazing intensit y measured for mangrove depauperate systems (Mumby and Hastings 2008). The majority of the rainbow parrotfish diet consists mostly of short epilithic turf algae, cropped algae, red coralline algae, and filamentous algae (Mumby and Hastings 2008), and they feed heavily upon Halimeda opuntia, a green calcareous alga. Juvenile scarid abundance has also been shown to be positively related to the percent cover of Dictyota spp. algae at site level in the Florida Keys (Kuffner et al. 2009). Similar parrotfish species have been observed consuming whole pieces of the thallus rather than grazing on the attached epiphytes, and taking more bites from H. opuntia and fewer bites from coral than would be expected from the percent cover of different microhabitats (Munoz and Motta 2000). While not quantitatively known for rainbow parrotfish, a mean home range for similar parrotfish species, redband parrotfish and redtail parrotfish, in the Florida Keys was observed to be 4371.5 +/- 5869.5 m2 (Munoz and Motta 2000); the standard error was found to be high due to a low nu mber (n = 7) of study sites. Due to overlap in microhabitat and foraging areas in these home ranges, interspecific aggression between parrotfish species takes place when one species attempts to use defended resources to the detriment of the defending species. This aggression involves vigorous chasing over comparatively large distances, as well as biting. Engaging in resource defense behavior was found to be advantageous as the benefits gained outweighed the cost (Munoz and Motta 2000). Aggression has also been observed to be greater when encountering other parrotfish species as opposed to non-parrotfish species and rainbow parrotfish were instigated into these aggressive encounters most often by redband parrotfish Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Munoz and Motta 2000). Scarus guacamaia is most closely related phylogenetically to midnight parrotfish Scarus coelestinus and striped parrotfish Scarus iseri, with Scarus clades having root nodes at between 2 and 3 million years ago, thus implying that most Scarus species are products of recent speciation. This speciation likely occurred around the time of the complete closure of the Isthmus of Panama at approximately 3.1-3.5 million years ago (Smith et al. 2008). The pantropical distribution and the relatively recent ages of the divergence of the four main clades of Scarus imply that fluctuations in sea level and patterns of differential cooling of the oceans during the Pliocene and Pleistocene may be the driving forces behind the rapid radiation in this genus, which is today largely restricted to the complex reefs built by hard corals (Smith et al. 2008). Alternatively, processes of ecological speciation and divergence due to sexual selection remain a possible explanation for the rapid radiation of parr otfishes, which all have pelagic larval phases and highly similar morphology (Smith et al. 2008). The protogynous mating system of parrotfishes, where species aggregate and have male-dominated haremic systems organized by color recognition, has also been proposed as a possible driving force for speciation via sexual selection mechanisms (Smith et al. 2008). The phylogeny of parrotfish suggests a gradual shift from browsers living in seagrasses to excavators inhabiting rock and/or coral reefs to scrapers found exclusively in association with coral, with Sparisoma being considered the transitional genus (Streelman et al. 2002). It can be assumed that the Scarus genus has always had a habitat association with coral reefs as the Scarus genus is the third radiation off of the Sparisoma lineage (Streelman et al. 2002). Of the parrotfishes, S. guacamaia is the only species that possesses an obligate and functional dependence on the mangrove habitats (Nagelkerken 2007; Mumby 2006). This dependency has been shown quantitatively in the Mumby et al. (2004) study in which the species suffered local extinctions that corresponded with the removal of mangrove stands, and the extent of mangrove coverage in a region is one of the dominant factors in structuring reef communities. Mangrove connectivity enhances the biomass of rainbow parrotfish on neighboring coral reefs, because grazing influences the cover of macroalgae on reefs and high levels of parrotfish grazing has been shown to lead to a twofold increase in recruitment of Porites and Agaricia corals in the Bahamas (Mumby and Hastings 2008). Biomass of rainbow parrotfish has been shown to more than double when coral reefs were located adjacent to rich mangrove resources, defined as mangrove stands with 70 km or greater of fringing red mangrove Rhizophora mangle located in a region of 200 km2, equating to coverage of 35% (Mumby 2006). Juveniles of this species, those less than 30 cm total length (TL), are observed almost exclusively in mangrove habitats, while all individuals observed on the coral reef were greater than 25 cm TL (Dorenbosch 2006). Average sizes of 10.1 cm and 14.6 cm TL have been recorded in mangroves and seagrass beds, respectively (Nagelkerken et al. 2000). The species of juvenile reef fishes that utilize mangroves and seagrass beds do so because of the high food availability, the presence of shade and shelter that the mangroves provide, and a reduced risk of predation due to the plant and root configurations. There is also a lessened chance of interaction with predator species as well as low predator abundance and efficiency (Verweij et al. 2006). Shallow water habitats such as mangroves and seagrasses, are believed to contain less piscivores than the reef (Verweij et al. 2006) possibly because the energetic cost s of chasing the smaller fish in these habitats outweigh the gains of catching one of the prey fish. The turbidity of the water can also negatively affect predator efficiency due to scattering and reduction of light by suspended particles (Verweij et al. 2006). There is significant interannual variability in species composition that may be expected in mangrove fish communities, but spatial factors have been found to contribute more to differences in fish community structure than seasonality (Robertson and Duke 1990). Verweij et al. (2006) tested the effects of plant structure, shade, and food upon rainbow parrotfish foraging behavior using artificial seagrass leaves and artificial mangrove roots. Rainbow parrotfish showed the same trends as those of pooled herbivores, showing highly significant Poisson regression results for the tested variables of structure, food, structure*food, and location of the experimental unit. In this study, 72 individuals were observed ranging in size from 7.5-15.0 cm. The behavior observed was broken down into 2.8% of individuals resting (spaced evenly throughout the water column), 91.7% foraging, and 5.6% swimming. Eighty-four percent of the rainbow parrotfish observed foraging in the study were found in the artificial mangrove roots, with six percent foraging on artificial seagrass leaves. It was determined that the presence of higher surface area on the root structure provided more substrate for algae, which allowed for diurnal feeding (feeding that occurs in the da ytime) on the fouling algae and epiphytes in mangroves and seagrass beds. Rainbow parrotfish observed in this study were also found to be preferential to experimental units with the highest structural complexity. Caribbean region mangroves and seagrass beds function as foraging habitats, but are not used continuously as shelter during the daytime (Verweij et al. 2006). The value of these habitats is diminished with decreased water clarity from turbidity originating from terrestrial run-off, leading to population declines in this and other species (Freeman et al. 2008). Seagrass minimum light requirements differ between species and systems. Halodule and Syringodium seagrass species often require more than 24-37% surface light intensity (Freeman et al. 2008). These seagrass species consistently require minimum light levels that are an order of magnitude higher than the requirements of terrestrial plants or other photosynthetic marine organisms. Reduced subsurface light intensity has c aused seagrass declines and the subsequent re-suspension of unstabilized sediments has impeded recovery of these seagrass systems, increasing the pressure placed on species such as the rainbow parrotfish that depend on them (Freeman et al. 2008). However, presence of preferential habitat is not the only contributing factor determining abundance. It is possible that habitat configuration has an influence on the connectivity between mangroves, seagrasses, and coral reefs and this configuration in terms of providing pathways and connections to the reef affects fish assemblage composition, fish density and size, and species richness (Dorenbosch et al. 2007). Local recruitment patterns can also play a major role. In a study off Curaà §ao, juvenile densities on the reef were comparable to those in seagrass beds, suggesting that this species can also use the coral reef as a nursery (Dorenbosch et al. 2004). Dorenbosch et al. (2007) concluded that for rainbow parrotfish, migration among these habitats most likely takes place along the coastline. The presence of seagrass-mangrove bays along the coasts of these islands strongly influences the distribution pattern of this species on the coral reef (Dorenbosch et al. 2004). The absence of seagrass beds and mangroves was shown to lead to reduced density of those species that utilize seagrass-mangrove bays in juvenile stages (Dorenbosch et al. 2004). For island sites, this migration was observed to occur on the sheltered or leeward shores, where most adult individuals were observed on coral reefs between 0 and 10 km from mangroves. However, no significant linear relationship was present between mean total density of adult rainbow parrotfish on these reefs and the distance to the nearest stands of mangroves (Dorenbosch et al. 2006). There was also reduced density or complete absence of juvenile rainbow parrotfish on the coral reefs that were farther than nine kilometers from the mangrove and seagrass habitats used by fish of juvenile ages. The density of these species is additionally regulated on local scales by variable habitat structural complexity and the available vegetation. Herbivory, measured by rates of grazing, was found to be highest at the maximum habitat complexity site (Unsworth et al. 2007). This suggests that the increased shelter and food abundance provided by denser seagrass beds may have increased fish abundance resulting in these higher levels of herbivory (Unsworth et al. 2007). Herbivory was found to increase away from patchy seagrass areas whilst increasing distance from a reef reduced the rate of herbivory due to a reduction in fish migration. Observed high levels of herbivory, however, may only be a short-term effect of irregular grazing by shoals of juvenile and sub-adult scarids (Unsworth et al. 2007). Rainbow parrotfish migrate across habitats in accordance with its life history stage, and will grow as large as possible before moving on to the next habitat (Mumby et al. 2004). Utilization of intermediate nursery habitats has been hypothesized to increase survivorship of small fish (Mumby et al. 2004). The intermediate nursery stages between mangroves, seagrass beds, and patch reefs serve the function of alleviating predatory bottlenecks in early demersal ontogeny (Mumby et al. 2004). A predatory bottleneck occurs when pressure from predation prevents a large percentage of a population from reproducing. The presence of seagrass beds has also been linked to significantly higher densities of rainbow parrotfish on coral reefs (Dorenbosch et al. 2006) while other studies (e.g., Gonzalez-Salas et al. 2008) have found differing results with respect to these nursery habitats. Noting high abundance of juveniles and adult members of S. guacamaia in coral reef habitats and a total absence in mangrove stands, it appears that mangroves in certain regions do not function as obligate habitats and that seagrass and coral rubble become the primary alternative for nursery, growth, and reproduction (Gonzalez-Salas et al. 2008). It is possible that with removal of mangrove forests the rainbow parrotfish are adapting to utilize other habitats that offer similar survival benefits. The reduced benefits of these marginal habitats may not provide rainbow parrotfish with the resources necessary to survive across their entire life history, allowing only temporary survival through one life stage or another (Rummer et al. 2009). This selective use, which is defined as use of a particular habitat patch disproportionately relative to its availability, can be exhibited either seasonally or spatially, and proximity rather than suitability has been found as the dominant pattern of habitat use (Faunce and Serafy 2008). Mangrove shorelines across broad spatial scales are not equivalent in thei r value as fish habitats due to the inherent patchiness within the ecosystem. A measure of total habitat area may therefore overestimate the amount of functional habitat utilized by these fishes. In addition, species richness and total number of fishes collected adjacent to mangrove shorelines has been shown to decline with increasing inland distance from creek mouths and oceanic inlets, with water depth greatly related to fish use (Faunce and Serafy 2008). Rainbow parrotfish are valuable members of the communities with which they are associated. The grazing activities of these parrotfish are beneficial in preventing algal overgrowth and enhance coral reef resilience to algal blooms and other competitor species (Hughes et al. 2007). The species also facilitates settlement and survival of corals by scraping and bioeroding the hard dead coral substratum and are crucial for the regeneration and maintenance of coral reefs (Lokrantz et al. 2008). Rainbow parrotfish and other scarid species participate in not only the uptake of carbon into the food chain in their direct consumption of seagrass, but also indirectly contribute to the detrital food chain with the removal of decaying seagrass material, which potentially results in the widespread dispersal of seagrass material into surface waters. Detached seagrass may also be cast onto the shore where it decays and may re-enter the system as detritus (Unsworth et al. 2007). Rainbow parrotfish may be equally important in influencing seagrass export from the system by the high rates of material discarded during consumption. The unattached plant matter, estimated to be as high as 11% of seagrass growth, becomes subsequently removed from the system by weather and currents (Unsworth et al. 2007). This figure is in addition to the amount consumed in grazing which causes the loss of at least 16% of the seagrass growth each day (Unsworth et al. 2007). In spite of their ecological role and importance, S. guacamaia populations are thought to be in decline and to have been fished to ecological extinction in Brazil, as well as other areas of the Caribbean (Floeter 2006). Rainbow parrotfish has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. This designation means the species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild based on one or more of the following five criteria: reduction of population size, shrinking geographic range, a population with fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, restricted population extent, or quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years (the full explanation of which are detailed in the 2004 IUCN criteria; version 2.3, Roberts 1996). Given this information and the ecosystem role of the species developing a model that details occurrence provides a means to assess the health and function of this parrotfish in this region. In addition, one may apply the methods not only throughout the range of this species, but it may be possible to apply this model to other parrotfish species and similar families across the Florida Reef Tract and the Caribbean Sea. Characteristics of the Biscayne Bay and Florida Reef Tract Region The Biscayne Bay region receives high numbers of larvae from offshore spawning adults and functions as a source point for juveniles and adults to migrate to the reef tract (Wang et al. 2003). The region also contains some of the most pristine habitat within the Florida Keys (Ishman 1997). The coastal shelf of the Florida Keys is characterized by shallow and highly variable topography, where currents are influenced by tides, wind, and the very energetic offshore Florida current system (Haus et al. 2000). The eddies and meanders of the Florida Current make it possible for upwelling and larval transport to occur across the shelf, and the scale of these perturbations can vary from slow moving mesoscale gyres to faster moving, sub-mesoscale eddies (Haus et al. 2000). Velocities of these eddies can range from 0.53 m/s to 0.80 m/s along the inshore edge of the Florida Current (Haus et al. 2000) and the variability of those velocities can have an impact on dispersal and the resulting end loc ations of larvae (Haus et al. 2000). Patch reefs in this region occupy a significant portion of the water column, which leads to variability in the water depth. These protrusions have the potential to change the strength and direction of the tidal flow in the bay. The northern Florida Keys contain over 4,000 patch reefs, composed generally of cemented reef (47.3 +/- 2.2% cover) and pavement (20.1 +/- 2.1%), with varying amounts of rubble, boulders and sand (Kuffner et al. 2009). The benthic community observed on these patch reefs is largely dominated by macrophytes, encrusting invertebrates, and suitable settlement substratum found beneath a substantial canopy of gorgonian (soft) corals (Kuffner et al. 2009). Macroalgae occupies a large portion of space on the reefs, especially Dictyota spp. (15.4 +/- 0.8% cover) and Halimeda tuna (11.7 +/- 0.6% cover). Live scleractinian corals account for only 5.8+/- 0.6% of the benthos (Kuffner et al. 2009). The tides are generally weak, with a semidiurnal height range of approximately 0.5 m (Haus et al. 2000). As measured in Caesar Creek, tidal velocity can exceed 25 cm/s, while current measurements within the inlets have shown peak tidal velocities in excess of 50 cm/s (Haus et al. 2000). These channels commonly referred to as the ABC Channels because of their names: Angelfish Creek, Broad Creek, and Caesar Creek form the main outlet from the southern end of Biscayne Bay onto the Florida reef tract. The ABC Channels convey large oscillating tidal flows and wind driven flows between the bay and the ocean, and transport through these corridors predominantly shows a semi-diurnal cycle with amplitudes of 500 m3/s, 300 m3/s, and 250 m3/s respectively (Wang et al. 2003). Based on observations, there is a net outflow at Angelfish and Caesar Creek, but an inconsistent inflow in Broad Creek (Wang et al. 2003). With the tidal flows and the input of freshwater, the residence times of the water varies widely from several months in the more enclosed Barnes Sound and circulation-restricted Card Sound (Ishman 1997), to about a month in the western parts of South Biscayne Bay, and nearly zero in the vicinity of the ocean inlets (Wang et al. 2003). The area encompassing Biscayne Bay south to Card Sound and Barnes Sound forms a barrier island lagoon system that exhibits estuarine characteristics near points of freshwater inflow during the wet and early dry season (Wang et al. 2003). This lagoon system leads to broad salinity regimes that are highly variable throughout the year, and vary greatly across relatively small areas of only several kilometers due to high freshwater input through canals (as opposed to groundwater), and limited tidal flushing. Salinity variations in Biscayne Bay primarily result from canal discharges through gated control structures, as well as smaller freshwater exchanges in the Bay driven by overland runoff, rainfall, and evaporation (Wang et al. 2003) and upwelling from groundwater (Ishman 1997). The greatest salinity fluctuations occur near canal mouths in Barnes Sound and along the western margin of Biscayne Bay. The smallest fluctuation ranges were observed near ocean inlets (Wang et al. 2003), where the vertical variations of salinity in the water column ranged from less than 0.2 †° to a maximum salinity change of 0.8 †° from top to bottom in the vicinity of the inlet mouth (Haus et al. 2000). In the Pelican Bank region of Biscayne Bay (see Figure 10), good circulation results in regular flushing and average salinities range from 33 to 35 †° (Ishman 1997). Water flow characteristics in this region are also determined by a network of drainage canals used for agricultural and industrial purposes. These canals also function to control flooding, which has greatly altered the distribution of freshwater within the watershed, as well as the quantity, quality, and timing of freshwater discharges to Biscayne Bay (Wang et al. 2003). This has led to greater pulses with larger peak discharges in the wet season and less freshwater reaching Biscayne Bay in the dry season due to reduced terrestrial storage and lowered groundwater levels (Wang et al. 2003). Increased runoff not only affects salinity conditions in coastal waters, but also can be a mechanism for increased nutrient loading (Rudnick et al. 2006). There exists a coastal ridge, bisecting the Bay, which acts as a groundwater divide, with water west of the ridge flowing toward Florida Bay. The outputs of freshwater from the canals have punctured massive holes through the ridge, changing the d irection and characteristics of the flow, and the qualities of the watershed (Wang et al. 2003). This region also is characterized by large coverage of submerged aquatic vegetation such as seagrasses, and wide availability of phytoplankton, microalgal and macroalgal species. Florida Bay is approximately 2000 km2 in total surface area, with 95% bottom coverage of seagrasses, characterized by sparse, patchy beds of Thalassia testudinum interspersed with locally abundant Halodule wrightii (Fourqurean and Robblee 1999). However, in the spring of 1991, Florida Bay exhibited a shift from a system characterized by clear water to one of extensive and persistent turbidity and phytoplankton blooms, which limits the ability of the seagrass to grow and function properly by reducing penetration of light in the water column (Fourqurean and Robblee 1999). This seagrass die-off was not accompanied or preceded by noticeable decreases in water clarity or increases in colonization by epiphytes, however. There were many hypothesized causes for this die-off which include hypoxia and sulfide toxicity , the loss of the estuarine nature of the system, overdevelopment of the seagrass beds, chronic hypersal

War and Heroism in Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse Five Essay examples -

What is war? Is war a place to kill? Or is it a place where something more than just killing happens? War, as defined by the Merriam Webster is â€Å"a state or period of usually open and declared fighting between states or nations.† War, can also be viewed with romantic ideals where heroes and legends are born. Even the most intelligent of us hold some rather naà ¯ve notions of war. Upon reading Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five, intelligent readers have been divested of any romantic notions regarding war they may have harboured. In Slaughterhouse Five the reader is encouraged to show contempt for war and to abandon all hopes of thinking war as a place where deeds of heroism are and bravery are performed. A character in the novel, Roland Weary, seems to think the very opposite of what Vonnegut is trying to communicate in the novel. He sees war as an adventure, a time for exploration, not as a time where horrible atrocities are committed and where massacres take place. Even army personnel turn on each other. Billy Pilgrim who is being beaten by Roland Weary is saved from death, ironically, when a German patrol finds him. Another bunch of characters that seem to ‘mistake’ war as something fun is the English officers at the POW camp. In the words of Vonnegut, â€Å"they made war look stylish, reasonable and fun.† Another interesting thing that Vonnegut does is that he frequently uses the phrase â€Å"So it goes,† after every death or mention of dying in the novel. He uses the phrase very often, and after a certain amount of time, it begins to remind the reader that the reader is powerless to stop all the killing that is going on. Vonnegut uses irony very often to strengthen the readers’ contempt for war. Edgar Derby, the well-liked high sc... ...me soldiers refuse to fire a shot due to the great personal conflict within them to kill another human being. Normal human beings cannot kill in cold blood. Normal human beings usually can’t even think about killing somebody. To not feel remorse after killing a fellow human being would be inhuman. Slaughterhouse Five is not a book that should be glanced over and discarded away like a dirty rag. Slaughterhouse Five is a book that should be carefully analyzed and be seen as an inspiration to further improve the well-being of mankind. Vonnegut makes it clear that an easy way to improve mankind is to see war not as a place where legends are born, but rather, an event to be avoided. Intelligent readers and critics alike should recognize Vonnegut’s work and see to it that they make an effort to understand the complexities behind the human condition that lead us to war.

Development Project – comparing Canada and Kenya

Brief: In this project, I have been asked to show the development of two countries. The information was researched from books, resources, internet etc. Method: The two countries that I have chosen to write about Is Canada and Kenya. I have chosen Canada because of its interesting facts and the fact that it is a developed country. The other country I have chosen is Kenya, I choose this because it is a developing country and I wanted to see the similarities and differences between them. I also wanted to choose Kenya because of its interesting features and cultures. There many factors to focus on, in this project so I will both show my findings and research in forms of tables, pie charts, bar charts. TABLE OF FINDINGS I have researched my two countries using the internet. I then printed this information out to show that I have done my research. To make life much simpler, I collect the necessary parts of the research, and complied this into one easy to read â€Å"Table of Findings† The 12 Factors As you can see, I have chosen 12 factors to compare the two countries: I have chosen Roadways, Railways and Airports because I wanted to see the transport difference. I was hoping this would then show the huge difference of how developed one country is and how underdeveloped the other is. A MEDC would have a high number of transport facilities because of their wealth. A LEDC would have a small amount of transport facilities. The effect of not having these transport facilities could mean that they could be losing valuable money. This is because when they have the produce e.g. food, products. There is no way in which they can transport it to other parts of the world. This is shown as Canada has 1.042,300 km of roadways, whereas Kenya has only 63,547 km of Roadway. Meaning Canada has a superior development over Kenya. I chose Internet users, Telephone Mobile Cellular and Internet host because of it interesting fact and figures. I was hoping this information/research would show how modern the country is with new electronic gadgets. I think that, it would be recommended that a country have a high technologic wealth, because the 21st century is all gadgets and tech. A MEDC would have a high number of communications and gadgets because they can afford to have telephone lines and other sources of power. Whereas a LEDC has a much lower number simply because the wealth is not there and they cannot afford to have the sources of power e.g. Telephone exchanges and telephone lines. In the table, you can Cleary see that Canada has far more internet users, having over 25,000mill. Whereas the developing country Kenya, only has 3.36mill. As Canada has the higher number of users, they are able to trade with overseas businesses, and increase their economy rate. Kenya has a select minority of Users meaning there are only some people trading with overseas countries. Meaning that economy rate could be much higher, if only they were able to boost the amount of trade happening around the world. I have chosen Oil Consumptions, Exports, GDP per Capita because I was hoping it would show the wealth of each of my country. As I have information about their trading and the county's average pay. The MEDC's in the world have a high economy rate because of its power and trading. Although Kenya trade with other countries it still has a lower rate proving it is a LEDC. I have chosen Birth rate, Literacy, and Infant Mortality because: Birth rate: This should show how developed the country is because the lower the Birth rate the more developed the country is. This is because a higher birth rate means a higher population. This creates other critical issues, to do with accommodation and the country's wealth. However the lower this outcome is the better because most of these issues are evaded and therefore a more powerful and wealthy nation. Literacy: As shown in the â€Å"Table of Findings† the Literacy rate for Canada is very high meaning that there educational system has been effective. This also mean that higher salary earnings for new qualified employed of the future. This in turn would boost the GDP per Capita because the higher earnings would increase the average. However, for Kenya it is much different story because there Literacy rate. They only have 90.60% male, and a 79.97% female literacy rate, which means that; there education system is only applied to a selected minority (only the rich.) A MEDC would have a very high percentage because they are able to fund schools and other resources to educate students and adults. An LEDC has minimum funds for education, so it's GDP and economy rate would be lower. Infant Mortality: Infant mortality rate is the number of newborns under the age of five, divided by the number of live births during the year. As you can see from the information produced, Canada has a very low Infant Mortality Rate. This is very good statistics because they have more live birth than death. As a MEDC, these statistics indicate that the health care system is of high standards. They are clean, hygienic and have high success rate. Kenya however has a very high Infant Mortality rate. Meaning that they have an unsuccessful birth rate and a very high child death rate, This LEDC has very poor health standard for hospitals. The rich may have private doctors for their own use, but for the large population, Hospital health care is unhygienic and unfunded. This means that they have a very low success rate. My graph shows me that Canada has a high bar meaning that it has a very high GDP per Capita. However, Kenya has a low bar meaning that it has a very poor GDP per Capita rate. This means that on average the salary in Kenya is only 1,600 per person, for an economy to grow this number needs to increase. This is caused by dangerous, underpaid jobs, which decrease the rate of GDP per Capita. Therefore, this indicates me that Kenya is less developed whereas Canada id much more developed. The effect of this are- economy won't increase, meaning it will be harder for them to develop. This information researched over on the internet was quite surprising for Kenya. I was expecting the Exports rate for it to be much higher as they are trading with foreign countries, with food and products. This means it is less developed. I think I have also chosen good countries to write about, because one is very underdeveloped and the other has a huge difference than Kenya. As you can see from this bar chart, you can immediately see that Canada has a bigger bar chart. So what does this mean? This means that, Canada has 5.221 million more telephone receivers than Kenya. Thus, Kenya has less telephone communication than Canada. The effect of this are that they less communication with other countries, and less trading. This graph is showing the amount of internet users there are in Kenya and Canada. As you can clearly see, Canada has far more users than Kenya. This advantage can be very useful in the 21st century, because most people interact using social networking sites, and this can have a damaging effect on the countries that do not have many users. This is because business happens on the internet, and products, which Kenya make and grow, can be bought over the internet, but not having many users means they are losing lots of money. Measuring Development This table shows a comparison of the two countries. It ranks each country by the factors chosen, the better the number for each factor, it is ranked as 1. If it is worse than it is ranked 2. It can be ranked by how ever many country's you write about. In this case, it is only 2 countries, but in other tables, it can be 5 etc. Therefore, the rank for 5 countries is added up and the lower the numbers are the most developed. However, the higher the number the less developed it is. Conclusion Now that I have finished my project, I have analysed all my data and have concluded that Kenya is far more underdeveloped/developing than Canada. This is because they are not branching out amongst other countries through the internet and other communication. This can be shown it the â€Å"Internet Users Pie Chart† it clearly shows the small minority of people using the internet. From all my data and analysis, I can confidently say Canada is a MEDC. Whereas, Kenya is an LEDC. This is shown by the pie charts I have done. The Exports Bar chart has clearly shown that Canada has far more export income than Kenya, in fact more than most countries. This is because of its communication with other countries and nation. This is again referring to the amount of Internet users, each country has to trade. Kenya is of course a developing country, it has a high Birth rate, and a high Infant Mortality. However, Kenya can change. There are key points, for them to become developed. * Equal Societies- There are different tribes and cultures within Kenya, and if they are to become equal to an equal society, it would save money with no more fighting. (Buildings from fighting won't have too be restored) * Freedom from Poverty- Poverty is almost like an accessory in Kenya. It won't go away until they act on it. They need support from other Nations and countries (through communication) to bring down the rate of deaths from this killer. Evaluation How could I of improved my project? I have had many lessons for this project. Unfortunately, I did not finish within the lessons, and so I had to do it as homework. I think I need the extra homework extension, because I did not manage my time wisely. Otherwise, I would have finished it within the time bracket. I think that I could have presented my work neater on paper, as I had to type it up on the computer. More/different factors? I think that I should have picked more factors to do with population. This is because I only have information about Birth rate, and not Death rate or Life Expectancy. I think telephone mobile cellular was inappropriate because I did not know what it was. Presentation of Data? I think that I should have presented some of the data in a population pyramid. This is an easier way of telling whether it is developed on not, because of it shape. Inaccurate or surprising factors? I did not find any inaccurate date, because I used up to date figures for my project. I was very surprised with some of the factors to do with Kenya. Exports were very surprising because I would have expected this to be quite high. They normally trade food product with many countries and given this information, I was expecting it to be high.

Free Essays on Sex

We have all watched TV in our lives one point or another. We have all seen many commercial’s where they will have some attractive women selling a product. These companies always put hot young women for everything they sell to draw the attention of their viewers. The women in the commercials always have a certain image good skin, nice hair and they are always thin. Many females think if they get these products they will have the same sex appeal as the women on the commercials. Indeed sex sells whether it is shampoo, a gum commercial or just a cover of a magazine. First of all, shampoo commercials use a great deal of sex appeal. It seems like everyday I see a Pert Plus commercial. In that commercial, the woman is not sure which shampoo to use when she is in the shower, of course she is attractive so she picks up pert plus and she has a great time shampooing her hair. In the Herbal Essence commercial, they have this very attractive woman putting the shampoo in her hair, then screaming because it is so good. Last, but not least, I think everyone has seen a Head and Shoulders commercial. Once again attractive woman having head problems and she tries Head and Shoulder and wont return to her old shampoo. They do this to seduce the viewers into wanting to buy their products. The second commercial that uses a great deal of sex appeal is gum commercials. In Dentine Ice, Winter Fresh and Big Red commercials they all have the same pitch. In every one of those commercials they have a Hollywood couple and one of them puts the gum in their mouth and they start making out. Both of them look like a typical commercial couple. The third product that has a great deal of sex appeal is magazines. FHM, Maxim and Stuff all have attractive women on the cover to seduce the readers to buy their product. In conclusion, sex does sell products. But do we really need some super models telling us what to buy?... Free Essays on Sex Free Essays on Sex We have all watched TV in our lives one point or another. We have all seen many commercial’s where they will have some attractive women selling a product. These companies always put hot young women for everything they sell to draw the attention of their viewers. The women in the commercials always have a certain image good skin, nice hair and they are always thin. Many females think if they get these products they will have the same sex appeal as the women on the commercials. Indeed sex sells whether it is shampoo, a gum commercial or just a cover of a magazine. First of all, shampoo commercials use a great deal of sex appeal. It seems like everyday I see a Pert Plus commercial. In that commercial, the woman is not sure which shampoo to use when she is in the shower, of course she is attractive so she picks up pert plus and she has a great time shampooing her hair. In the Herbal Essence commercial, they have this very attractive woman putting the shampoo in her hair, then screaming because it is so good. Last, but not least, I think everyone has seen a Head and Shoulders commercial. Once again attractive woman having head problems and she tries Head and Shoulder and wont return to her old shampoo. They do this to seduce the viewers into wanting to buy their products. The second commercial that uses a great deal of sex appeal is gum commercials. In Dentine Ice, Winter Fresh and Big Red commercials they all have the same pitch. In every one of those commercials they have a Hollywood couple and one of them puts the gum in their mouth and they start making out. Both of them look like a typical commercial couple. The third product that has a great deal of sex appeal is magazines. FHM, Maxim and Stuff all have attractive women on the cover to seduce the readers to buy their product. In conclusion, sex does sell products. But do we really need some super models telling us what to buy?...

NAFTA and Globalization essays

NAFTA and Globalization essays Globalization over the past twenty has become an issue in many countries. This industrialization of second and third world countries by Western Civilization creates many opportunities for the inhabitants. Not only does it expand trading markets, but also promotes productivity and efficiency; thus improving the country and integrating it into the industrial world. This process not only benefits third world counties, but also industrialized nations by allowing them to export goods to the developing world and increase their profit margin. East Asia and Latin America seem to benefit most from this. The East Asian economy has developed the fastest with an annual growth of nearly 8 percent (Stand 43 4). This has been achieved through maintaining economic stability and production output. However, western influence in some ways has harmed the culture within these countries, many of them now talk of returning to their roots through Asianization or Islaminization. Many of these people feel that western influence has stripped away values and hindered their cultural growth. With the rise of international industries such as McDonalds, Wal-Mart and K-mart western culture has invaded the world in an attempt to modernize these countries that could very well do with out. CEOs may think that they are helping by providing jobs and easy access to goods, but with this help there is also the price of destroying values and exploiting workers. They attempt to Americanize these people and enforce our values upon them. With the rise of industrialization, the question of free trade has arisen. Free trade is the elimination of taxes, tariffs and quotas over international borders. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), consisting of Mexico, the USA and Canada, creates the largest free-trading zone in the world (Stand 51 1). Does NAFTA help or harm an economy is one of the most poignant questions? The Mexican economy seems to...

Outline (for public space) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Outline (for public space) - Assignment Example Properly lit pathways and proper security system can reduce the problem of sexual harassment which is the core of all problems for women outdoors. According to a survey conducted by the United Nations in New Delhi, after every 29 minutes a rape case is reported ( UN, 2010). Hypothesis: If these unattended security issues persist in the public space for Indian women, how does Indian government expect the better half of its nation to behave after this ignorance in an appropriate manner? Are the fundamental rights been given to both genders in the state? If yes, why does the survey show that half of the population is threatened by the pathways, especially in the evening? The amendments need to be taken for this ignorance, as it encourages the outlaws to take advantage and feel comfortable to do what they desire with the public around. The awareness of civic rights by the Unifem department seems like a potential step towards betterment in New Delhi (Unifem). According to The New York Times (Asia Pacific), 489 rape cases were reported and countless unreported cases of street harassment (Ninaljana, 2011). Thesis statement: Unavailability of basic facilities like lights, buses, security guards and maintenance of pathways is the arising problem which can later lead to major dilemmas for the country to deal with. It mainly consisted of the public survey conducted by Women and Child development department, as these problems can only be defined well by people who face them on daily basis. The women in New Delhi, both working and students, participated in the surveys which lead to a better understanding of the problem. Global Safe Cities Free of Violence for Women and Girls â€Å"SNAPSHOT† of the CITIES. (chap. New Delhi) Retrieved 1. 25, 2012, from

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Personal statement - Essay Example After completing my Law degree, I was able to work with several voluntary organisations that helped me discover my passion in helping others. Presently, I work for a voluntary organisation, Cocoa African Community Connection, which is located in Birmingham. My duties as a language interpreter and helping the refugees and victims of torture with immigration, housing, social and family issues has been an eye opener into the kind of activities that I would like to engage in the future. I have realised that I could make a significant impact in the lives of the refugees’ children by teaching French in the local Primary school. I am fluent in French, as it is my first language, therefore, ensuring that these kids have acquired the knowledge that will help them become self-sustaining. I have realised teaching French in the primary school will help many children into understanding other cultures and enable them communicate with others effectively. This will help them obtain better lives, thus contributing to a better world. I am able to work in teams, possess excellent planning and organising skills, and I can work under intense pressure. This means that the children will be in capable hands, as I will work effectively to ensure that they obtain quality