Assess Sociological Explanations of Changes in the Status of Childhood

Childhood is socially construted, this means it is only a human concept and the only reason that ‘childhood' exists is because society makes it that way. Over time childhood has changed as different norms and values over each century of life have been different and is still changing at present. Also in different places of the world there are different cultures and ethics so therefore their veiw of childhood will also be different. As Wagg (1992) states ‘Childhood is socially constructed.It is, in other words, what members of particular societies, at particular times, and in particular places, say it is. There is no single universal childhood, experienced by all. So, childhood isnt â€Å"natural† and should be distinguished from mere biological immaturity. ’ However childhood has not always been controlled like this as in pre-industrial times Aries (1960) argues that ‘the idea of childhood did not exist’ Soon after being weaned, the child entered wider society on much the same terms as an adult.However childhood has changed over time and as it says in Item A ‘The development of industrial society meant that children’s life’s were increasingly confined, disciplined, and regulated by adults’. In historical times law often made no distinction between children and adults and as Shorter (1975) argues that high death rates encouraged indifference and neglect, especially towards infants. Childhood is much different now as although neglect is still present, there are laws imposed to protect children, such as the 1989 Child Protection Act.The March Of Progress view would agree that childhood is better now than it was due to laws like this. According to sociologist Aries childhood gradually began to emerge from the 13th century onwards, as schools specialized more in teaching the young since the Compulsory Schooling Act 1880 was imposed leading children to become more educated as adults. This was thought to be the influence of the church as they started to see children as fragile ‘creatures of god’ in need of protection. Children’s clothing also began to change, as before there was no distinction between adults and children.However some sociologists have criticized Aries for arguing childhood did not exist in the past. Pollock (1983) for example argues that society in the middle ages simply had a different notion of childhood from todays. The ‘March Of Progress’ view argues that today children in western societies has been steadily improving and today it is better than it has ever been. Aries and Shorter both hold this view as they argue today’s children are more valued, better cared for, protected, educated, enjoy better health, and have more rights than those of previous generations.Due to this more ‘child centered’ society there are higher living standards and smaller family sizes which gives governments more money to offer free health care. However ‘The Conflict View’ with sociologists such as the Marxists and Feminists dispute this. They argue that society is based on a conflict between different social groups, such as social classes or genders. This view would see inequalities among children, as they still remain unprotected and badly cared for.Gender and ethnic differences may also occur as for example boys are generally allowed more freedom than girls, and also from Brannen’s (1994) study of 16-16 year olds found that Asian parents were more likely than other parents to be strict towards their daughters. There are also many class inequalities between children as according to Woodroffe (1993) children of unskilled manual workers are over three times more likely to suffer from hyperactivity and four times more likely to experience conduct disorders than the children of professionals.There are also major inequalities of power between children and adults. March of Progress writers argue that adults use this power for the benefit and protection of children, for example by passing laws against child labor. However, critics such as Firestone (1979) and Holt (1974) argue that this is an excuse for new forms of oppression and control. Neglect and abuse towards children still occurs in society today as it did in pre-industrial times. Adult control over children can take the extreme form of physical neglect, or physical, sexual, or emotional abuse.Some may say due to figures from charities such as Child Line rising there is a ‘dark side’ to family life, where children are victims. This shows in some cases the status of children hasn’t changed over time. Childhood has changed more in other ways such as parents have more control over children’s space as there is increasingly close surveillance over children in public spaces such as shopping centre’s, especially in times when they should be in school.However in contrast to this Katz (1993) describes how rural Sudanese children roam freely both within the village and several kilometers outside it. This shows that changes can still occur but not in some places of the world. Adults in today’s society also can control children’s daily routines, for example when they get up, go to bed, have breakfast, etc. Whereas in historical times this wouldn’t have been an issue. Adults exercise enormous control over children’s bodies including how they sit, walk, and run, what they wear, hairstyles etc. hereas in some non-industrial cultures this may not be an issue, and therefore giving children more freedom. Some sociologists such as Postman (1994) argue that childhood is ‘disappearing at a dazzling speed’ as he says by giving children the same rights as adults, the disappearance of children’s traditional unsupervised games, the growing similarity of adults and children’s clothing and even committing adult crimes lies in the ris e and fall of print culture and its replacement by television culture.This is evident as unlike the printed word, television does not require special skills to access it, and therefore make it available to everyone, including children and this also shows in Item A as it says ‘childhood and adulthood is once again becoming blurred’. Unlike Postman, Opie (1993) argues that childhood is not disappearing, based on a lifetime of research she argues there is strong evidence of the continued existence of a separate children’s culture over many years.Child liberationists argue that modern western childhood is oppressive and children today are subject to adult authority. Western notions are also being globalised, as international humanitarianism and welfare agencies have exported and imposed on the rest of the world. In this view childhood is not disappearing, but spreading throughout the world. Overall, there has been many changes in childhood and children’s statu s over the years, and is different in all parts of the world due to ethics and culture. Many sociologists have different viewpoints about childhood as a life stage.

Compulsion of Parents to Join Professional Courses Curb the Talents of their Children

‘’ You cannot live your life to please others. The choice must be yours. ’’ – Alice in Wonderland. It is a common thinking that parents should encourage and design a lifestyle for their kids as to take them on the straight path and to make a picture- perfect future so that they become successful. But they are too busy to glance up, look and understand, what goes on in the minds of youngsters. Making high school, years to study, and be with your books most hours of the day, limiting their sources, and keeping them treasured will not make them successful, because to become successful you don’t need to learn or memorize.Moreover, these external indicators can pressure children, sending the message that academic success is important, not for personal reasons, but to please others. An individual is good at something only if they do it with passion. A person does his work wholly and completely only when one has an interest in it. Designing their fut ures might make them successful but unhappy at the same time. It is a dream of every parent to see their children become doctors and engineers one day. It curbs their talent and narrows their chance of fulfilling their dreams to zero.Talent is not learnt or taught, it comes naturally by birth. We should do something we are good, which comes from within us, rather doing something we are forced to. If you want to achieve anything with all your heart, no one can stop you from achieving it. To curb the talent of your kids might make them succeed in achieving the dream you see, but it will crush their dreams which they have been building forever. It is a common perception that parents design a Parents who are driven by the desire for publicity curb the natural talent of the child.He/she may develop a stage fear for rest of his life if he is put into a place where he feels out of place. (Meritnation). If one's taught in the best possible way, he could precisely target what he wanted with the aid of knowing his true potentials and later on, achieve his wish-list effectively bloom into the person he's meant to be. (TED Conversations) Emphasis on external standards may have its advantages, such as encouraging students to demonstrate high performance in school because it can lead to good grades and test scores, future college admission, and eventually employment in a prominent career.However, these external indicators can pressure children, sending the message that academic success is important, not for personal reasons, but to please others. An individual can successfully exceed in his academics when there is enjoyment of attaining personal goals, working toward one's potential, being curious and inquisitive, and trying one's best. By emphasizing both types of standards, parents convey to their children that outstanding performance is important to success, but personal satisfaction and trying one's best are also important, a balance that should help to alleviate feelin gs of pressure.Because of high parental standards and criticism, these children are likely to experience feelings of pressure. Parents should focus on understanding of material and personal improvement in performance. Such a balance, especially when accompanied with support and guidance, is unlikely to foster feelings of pressure. (John Hopkins, Centre of talented Youth). â€Å"The job of a parent is not to make your child's way smooth, but rather to help her develop inner resources so she can cope. † ? Ellyn Satter ï » ¿Compulsion of Parents to Join Professional Courses Curb the Talents of their Children ‘’ You cannot live your life to please others. The choice must be yours.’’ – Alice in Wonderland.It is a common thinking that parents should encourage and design a lifestyle for their kids as to take them on the straight path and to make a picture- perfect future so that they become successful. But they are too busy to glance up, look and understand, what goes on in the minds of youngsters. Making high school, years to study, and be with your books most hours of the day, limiting their sources, and keeping them treasured will not make them successful, because to become successful you don’t need to learn or memorize. Moreover, these external indicators can pressure children, sending the message that academic success is important, not for personal reasons, but to please others. An individual is good at something only if they do it with passion.A person does his work wholly and completely only when one has an interest in it. Designing their futur es might make them successful but unhappy at the same time. It is a dream of every parent to see their children become doctors and engineers one day. It curbs their talent and narrows their chance of fulfilling their dreams to zero. Talent is not learnt or taught, it comes naturally by birth. We should do something we are good, which comes from within us, rather doing something we are forced to. If you want to achieve anything with all your heart, no one can stop you from achieving it. To curb the talent of your kids might make them succeed in achieving the dream you see, but it will crush their dreams which they have been building forever.It is a common perception that parents design aParents who are driven by the desire for publicity curb the natural talent of the child. He/she may develop a stage fear for rest of his life if he is put into a place where he feels out of place. (Meritnation). If one's taught in the best possible way, he could precisely target what he wanted with th e aid of knowing his true potentials and later on, achieve his wish-list  effectively bloom into the person he's meant to be. (TED Conversations) Emphasis on external standards may have its advantages, such as encouraging students to demonstrate high performance in school because it can lead to good grades and test scores, future college admission, and eventually employment in a prominent career.However, these external indicators can pressure children, sending the message that academic success is important, not for personal reasons, but to please others. An individual can successfully exceed in his academics when there is enjoyment of attaining personal goals, working toward one's potential, being curious and inquisitive, and trying one's best. By emphasizing both types of standards, parents convey to their children that outstanding performance is important to success, but personal satisfaction and trying one's best are also important, a balance that should help to alleviate feeli ngs of pressure.Because of high parental standards and criticism, these children are likely to experience feelings of pressure. Parents should focus on understanding of material and personal improvement in performance. Such a balance, especially when accompanied with support and guidance, is unlikely to foster feelings of pressure. (John Hopkins, Centre of talented Youth).â€Å"The job of a parent is not to make your child's way smooth, but rather to help her develop inner resources so she can cope.† ― Ellyn Satter

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated Bibliography Example Examples include â€Å"Do men and women read alike? Do feminist critics know the female author or her point of view? Does plot have anything to do with being a man or woman? Do feminist have an opinion on the relationship between political and literature points of view. One of the first books to really breakdown African American literature and literary theory, this is a must read. Examples of prominent African American writers like Henry Lois Gates Jr. are interwoven with descriptions and study guides on how to better understand African American writers. African American can write about their experiences in a way that can be understood by all cultures. The value of these opinions and views are priceless. This is a good guide for every race or gender. Censorship is a part of literature. Since most Americans live in an uncensored society, censorship is a foreign concept. This book drags the curtain back revealing another side of Apartheid. Censorship helped keep the Apartheid in place. Since the white minority censored generations of African Americans writers, the stifling of this creativity had lasting effects. Not only were these authors censored, so were all of the resistant writers. The criticism of the Apartheid government was limited to sources outside of South America. This book examines the consequences of the censorship in Apartheid South Africa. It is a must read for all individuals concerned about censorship. Many books have been written on Ancient Egypt, but little has been said about Ancient Egyptian women. Gay Robins has reexamined ancient artifacts of Egypt to tell the Egyptian woman’s perspective. This colorfully illustrated book tells of how rich, middle class, and poor women lived in Ancient Egypt. From slaves to royalty, a new look at women from Ancient Egypt brings up interesting facts and interpretations. Literature, art, and other artifacts are examined by Robins.

Central American Immigrants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Central American Immigrants - Essay Example For Central American immigrants who have experienced years of political and social strife, immigrating to the US promises opportunity and liberties that they have cease to believe as possible in their respective countries. The issues faced by Central American immigrants is a particular concern since most of immigrants who have become isolated in the US. The situation face by the immigrants are not unique to them or to immigrants. The challenges they face are also shared with other populations that suffer social exclusion or marginalization that may be unique to regional origins . In the critically acclaimed film Toritlla Soup, the plight of many many of these immigrants, particularly those from Central America trying to escape political persecution, face the seemingly impossible choice of having no choice to leave one's country and having nowhere to go. The sense of disenfranchisement prevails in whatever choice they make. At the same time, they also have to struggle with their personal and social identity as they and their family transition to their adoptive communities whose cultural, social and political barriers often lie beyond their competencies to surpass. Ellis and Wright (2005) study of geography and immigration also shows that there are differences in units of assimilation differs based on geography of immigration. They concluded that there is indication that there is sensitivity to political issues. Menjivar (2000) points out that there is a need to develop more intimate perspective of the issue from immigrants points of view. In her study regrading the immigration trends and issues among El Salvadorans, she points out that immigration into the US, whether legal or not, provides limited opportunity for social representation or empowerment. Often, with the focus of "managing" immigrants, policies become insensitive and unresponsive to the issues that are driving immigration trends, in particular those that are illegal. She points out that most policies view immigrants individually without recognizing the informal and formal social networks. The result is that individual immigrants feel that they are isolated from mainstream America n society and rely more on these social groups which can make communicating with the population restrictive, if not combative with the government's various social programs (Johnson, 2006). Menjivar's (2002) subsequent work, this time focusing on Guatemalans, highlight that the challenged that immigrants are often carried over to their offspring whose identity is often split between being American and that of their parent's native country. Anderson (2003) points out that this can create stress particularly for juveniles and also is considered to reason behind delinquency and victimization. Though these populations may have little link or awareness of their cultural or social history they are subject to the social preconceptions that may incite their feeling of marginalization of social exclusion. This has further been attributed to adult victimization and criminal behavior and lead to diminished effectiveness of social institutions and services for these populations as a whole. Survey of the population who have become victims of abuse indicate a significant history of marginalization, cultural or social exclusion (Menjivar & Salcido, 2002). The experience not only incr eases their vulnerability to crime or victimization but also their propensity to commit the acts to others.

World history. A Critical Analysis of The Communist Manifesto Essay

World history. A Critical Analysis of The Communist Manifesto - Essay Example In the ‘Manifesto’, Marx and Engels have made an effort to evaluate the history of human society according to the ‘mode of production and labor’. They argue that modern society is based on the latest mode of production. Meanwhile, they further envisage that, according to the ‘mode of production’, socialism (or communism) is next to Capitalism which is supposed to exploit labor by alienating from the production. In fact, the political dimension of communism is essentially the result of its response to the capitalists’ exploitation. Marx and Engels argue that the proletariats (or working class people) should unite themselves to accelerate the transition of human society from capitalism to socialism. But though Marx and Engel’s concept of ‘class struggle’ is persuasive enough to explain the changes human society’s activities, these authors have failed to understand that a theory which is, indeed, meant for explaini ng the economic changes in human society, is not sufficient to bring a radical political change in a country or a society. At best, a theory, like Marxism, can predict the oncoming changes in a society; but there must be exception. In the preface of â€Å"Communist Manifesto†, Engels claims that the text is â€Å"essentially Marx's work† and that â€Å"the basic thought... belongs solely and exclusively to Marx† (Marx and Engels 23). In fact, Marx’s theory of class-conflict constitutes the premise of the â€Å"Manifesto†. Depending on the Class-struggle theory, Marx explores the heart of Capitalism. In the very beginning of â€Å"Communist Manifesto†, Marx and Engels claim that human history is basically â€Å"the history of class struggles† (Marx and Engels 34). They argue that there are generally two conflicting parties in this struggle. This conflict is determined of the mode of labor, which is, indeed, a relationship between the l aborer and the production. In this regard, these authors assert that â€Å"Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another† (Marx and Engels 43). They further argue that this class war always ends â€Å"either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes† (Marx and Engels 43). According their claim, capitalism is the penultimate stage, of human society, which itself has resulted from the dissolution of the former feudalist social order through the conflict between the feudal lords and their subjects. Even the struggle between the bourgeois class and the proletariats will dissolve the capitalist society into a classless society where class-conflict will not exist. In the first chapter of the â€Å"Manifesto†, Marx and Engels say that in a capitalist society, the bourgeoisies are amorally p rofit-oriented; they maneuver both social and political institutions in order to exploit the proletariats’ labor and to accumulate wealth, as Marx and Engels note in this regard, â€Å"The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations...for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation† (Marx and Engels 67). It is evident that Marx and Engels have successfully explored the heart of a society’s economic system and its role in as a determinant sociopolitical power structure in a society. Yet some of Marx and Engels’s claims are quite problematic. They take it for granted that the proletariats are exploited and the bourgeoisies are the exploiting owners of a capitalist soci

Charles Jencks and Postmodernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Charles Jencks and Postmodernism - Essay Example The essay "Charles Jencks and Postmodernism" focuses on the figure of Charles Jencks and the postmodernism. Post modern art favours reflexivity and the self consciousness, its emphasis is on the de-structured, decentred and dehumanized subject. It is also concerned with questions of the organization of knowledge. In a society where post modernism exists knowledge becomes functional, one learns things not to know but to use that knowledge. We are talking about post modernism in relation to garden design which has become an integral part of the cultural landscape. One can notice a difference in the way the gardens are being designed as compared to the modernism days. There seems to be now a bond between the abstract and the arts and craft approaches, the geometry of the abstract art has been blended with the various delights of the arts and craft gardens. This change is mostly commonly seen in the materials which are chosen. Before for gardens people would choose a square concrete slab or a wood painted white which was used to represent the abstract style but now due to post modernism, there is now the richness of the earthy bricks, the stained timber and concrete finishing’s as well as the decorative fittings which have appeared in the gardens and the sense of place and scale is altogether more intimate then before. Where its spirals scales of a pine cone run from the bottom to the top, it has recurring numbers, ratios and proportions. Its recurrent pattern is a form of what one says self-organization.

My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult - Essay Example Her novel My sister’s keepers also deal with moral, ethical and psychological consequences of situation that have a contradicting point of views. This novel was published in 2004 initially and raises many contradicting issues pertaining to genetic engineering and rights pertaining to control of minor over her body. This novel tells the story of a family whose daughter has been suffering from extremely harmful form of cancer and genetically designed other daughter is brought to the world for sake of saving her sister and help in recovery (SparkNotes, n.d.). The protagonist of the story was Anna Fitzgerald who plays a role that is argued by many. Her character is defined by her link to elder sister Kate, whose health depends upon her and her efforts for fighting for her rights as an individual and battle of getting freedom from this special link. These efforts and willingness can be seen in her chat with Campbell that how much she wanted to be a sister to Kate in all the past te n years and she couldn’t achieve that status in anyway. The tragic and sorrowful reality of Ana’s character can be seen in her efforts of getting freedom and treated as an independent person rather than being used for a purpose only, which was keeping her sister Kate alive. These contradictory thoughts complicates her character and mind by making herself guilty for thinking of getting an independent identity unrelated to her sister when she knows only she can be source of health to her sister. It forces her to think of herself as a selfish person and feeling less. All of these negative feelings lead her to engage in harmful activities that could affect her health such as smoking with Jess. Anna is shown as a helpless and disputed soul as she is willing to help her sister as well to combat this disease by donating her kidney to Kate, but the Kate is destined to die in any way later or sooner. And at the same time she is willing to be independent of this issue by filing a lawsuit against her parents that states and provides all rights of Anna on her own body and helps her in not donating her sister the Kidney. She is actually shown as fulfilling her sister’s desire as well as Kate herself wants to die because she is tired of fighting against this cruel disease. This represents the righteous side of Anna and love towards her sister. Therefore, it is the lawsuit filed by Anna that is targeted towards completing the wishes of both sisters at a time (SparkNotes, n.d.). Since Anna is a product of genetic engineering and an unwanted and undesired child in her parents life, which is solely brought to this world by her parents with the help of science for sake of keeping her sister alive. Therefore she is also shown as a point of node between science and compassion through out the story. The extent of using Anna by her parents can be seen in Sara’s in form of desires for using Ana’s body organs for the health and safety of her elder da ughter Kate only and she had never thought of Anna as a person or her own child. Therefore, it can be concluded that the character of Anna has been represented as a person who is sacrificed her life and happiness for her sister to the readers and her family. Her character is respected for her great deed, loving and devoting attitude so she can be considered as a source of light and happiness to her family. She is also shown as a joyful person who is funny and a very sympathetic person. She has not only physically helped her sister to remain healthy

Organizational Behavior discusion assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organizational Behavior discusion - Assignment Example The Hawthorne legacy has had a strong influence in today’s workplace by setting the standards for managers to view people not as machines but as humans and attend to their individual needs; offers supportive leadership at the work place rather than pushing for results (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2006). McGregor’s Theory X assumes that most people dislike work and try to avoid it when they can, therefore they must be coerced and threatened in order to work. Theory Y on the other hand says people like work as it is a natural activity like rest or play and people are capable of self-control and self-direction when they understand the goals. Theory X goes ahead to assume that people prefer to be directed and tend to avoid responsibility and that they are only interested in security. Theory Y on the other hand people get committed when they are rewarded for it and that they will learn and seek responsibility as they are imaginative and creative. It is hard to work under Theory X ma nagers as most of them only stress on work and more work without understanding employee needs. I prefer the Theory Y managers because they understand people and they are concerned about creating positive relations that foster productivity in the organization (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2006). C. The term E-business is defined as the use of the internet to more effectively and efficiently manage every aspect of a business. Employees today have acquired skills in many areas of digital communications and these include the use of blogs, emails, social networking and other sites where users provide and refine content. In this kind of environment therefore where the employees have the control over the information that they can share and access, the role of the manager is evolving into one that aims at providing the means for collaboration that is they learn the need for team work and empowerment in independent decision making (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2006). 2. A. There are three layers of organizati onal and these include: (1) observable artifacts which are the physical manifestations of an organization culture such as manner of dress, acronyms etc. ; (2) espoused values which are states values and norms preferred by an organization; (3)basic underlying assumptions which are the things taken for granted but guide organizational behavior. There are four functions of organization culture: (1) organizational identity; (2) Collective commitment; (3) social system stability; (4) it acts as a sense making mechanism (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2006). There are four types of organizational culture according to the competing value framework each with distinct characteristics. The first is a clan culture and this has an internal focus and values flexibility: it uses employee involvement as a method of achieving flexibility. The second is an Adhocracy culture which has an external focus and values flexibility. This culture values innovation and fast responses to change. The third is a market cul ture which has a very strong external focus valuing stability and control. They are majorly driven by competition and put emphasis on customer satisfaction. The fourth and last category is the hierarchy culture that has an internal focus valuing stability and control: it lays emphasis on formal structured work in order to meet high standards (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2006). B There exist six socialization tactics used by organizations to socialize employees. Each of the tactics provides an organization with two

Ethical Vignette Paper 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Vignette Paper 1 - Coursework Example However, when a patient is involved in a court proceeding and the court requests for the information regarding the professional services that one received, such information would be disclosed without the consent of the patient or a court order. The disclosure limit would be subjected to a number of laws like the confidentiality, and privacy laws, conduct and ethical duties, but the legal obligations have the duty to warn following the care duty to others like in the case of negligence. The counselors should observe the professional and legal standards that are used in maintaining the privacy of the records, and the obligations of mandatory reporting. These mandatory obligations include reporting the neglect or abuse of children, or the adults that are vulnerable, the duty of protecting or warning the third party that is endangered by the patient, and the role of reporting the impairment or misconduct of a different professional. The disclosure of information occurs only with the required consent or sound ethical or legal justification. In the process of counseling, the clients are informed of the cases where their confidentiality needs to be breached. The confidentiality of a patient is breached when there is a foreseeable and serious harm to the patient or legal requirements. 2.3.4.1. Some exceptional cases may come up providing the counselor some grounds to believe that some harm could happen to the client or some other persons. In this case, the patient will consent to the alterations in the agreement regarding the confidentiality, which should be sought unless there are some grounds to believe that the patient is not able or willing to assume the responsibility of her actions 2.3.4.2. The disclosure of information needs to be constrained to the relevant information that is displayed to relevant persons for relevant reasons that

Medical Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medical Law and Ethics - Essay Example As a matter of fact, caregivers’ licenses may be revoked if the board concedes that their failure to advocate fiercely for their patient's wellbeing played a critical role in the patients’ deterioration or even death. This paper will examine caregivers’ acceptable actions in the event that they dispute wrong physicians’ written orders. Â  Caregivers have the right to refuse certain physicians’ written orders, particularly in the event that they believe that the written orders are contraindicated, do not conform to accepted hospital protocols and procedures, or can ultimately endanger the patients’ overall wellbeing. However, caregivers should give explanations for their decisions to violate physicians’ written orders, then document their reasons, making sure to adhere to all hospital rules and protocols. Most hospitals have in place policies that clearly explain the procedures to follow when dealing with and speaking to wrong physician orders, which can include, among others, wrong prescriptions and treatment protocols (Harris, 2008). However, it is critical that caregivers voice their oppositions to the written orders to the relevant physician to ensure appropriate changes are made in order to guarantee that the patient receives the optimal quality of healthcare. However, in some instances, p hysicians may be hard-headed and refuse to accept caregivers’ corrections. In such cases, it is vital that caregivers follow the right procedures established by the hospital administration to seek changes in the written orders to deter the incidence of harm to patients. Nonetheless, provided that the caregiver is sure that the physician’s written orders are wrong, he or she is legally permissible to violate the orders and, in turn, institute appropriate measures and treatment protocols, which are guaranteed to help the patient attain optimal health. Â  

Performance Measurement Essay Example for Free

Performance Measurement Essay Nowadays, businesses operate in an uncertain environment and the managers can never know what will happen in the future (Arnold, 2005). Meanwhile, the economic crisis has turned that world upside down; it is a change for ever. The global economy was changed during the past two decades; because of globalization, the firms are not only trade or invest in the company’s domicile, but also trade or invest in other countries. Then management will face a lot of business risk in global economy. There are many different way to define risk; simply, risks are opportunities to be seized. Risk management identifies risks with new opportunities to increase the probability of positive outcomes and maximize returns. The aim of this essay is identify the global challenges and risks and analyze the techniques available to financial managers to deal with risk when trading or investing in countries outside of the company’s domicile. In the structure, firstly evaluate the current global economic situation and what is the challenge in this global economic situation. Secondly, identify the risks do companies face operation in uncertain global economy. Finally, it will consider and analyze the techniques available to financial managers to deal with risk when trading or investing in countries outside of the company’s domicile. Outline of this essay, It is no doubt that today it is a globalization, however, due to the global economic crisis in 2008, the global economy is uncertainly and unstable. According to Arnold (2005) businesses operate in an uncertain environment and the managers can never know what will happen in the future. The global economy is divided into several situations.The one is low-income countries which CNI per capita of less than $936 and these countries have such serous social, political problems and economic that they represent limited opportunities for operations and investment. The next one is lower-middle-income countries which with a CNI per capita between $938 and $3705, such as Indonesia, Thailand and China. The consumer markets countries are increasing rapidly. Then is the upper-middle-income countries which with CNI per capita between $3706 and $11455, Such as Chile, Malaysia, Venezuela. In these countries, they have strong education systems and high literacy rates, although wages are still significantly lower than in the advanced countries, it is rising rapidly. The last one is high-income countries which with CNI per capital higher or equal $11456. Such as Japan, Sweden, United States, Germany. (Keegan, Creen. 2011) However, the most representatives of current global economy situation are UE, USA, China

Factors Influencing Conflicts in Schools

Factors Influencing Conflicts in Schools FACTORS INFLUENCING CONFLICTS IN SCHOOLS.AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TANZANIA. BY: BONIPHACE, M. FASILI. INTRODUCTION: Organizational psychologists start with the view that there is ,or can be, a genuine conflict between a human being and his or her job of work, between the satisfaction of the needs of the individual worker, and the needs of the employing organization. However, some common ground between them is that: people have needs and, consequently, motives for doing things. These needs and motives, therefore, do affect peoples behavior, and their behavior c an be explained,(Chris, A.). There can be conflict between the goals of the organizations and the goals of people working for those organizations. The way to avoid such conflicts in practice is not by offering bribes and sweeteners to the workers, nor is it by offering them massive welfare programs, but is by changing the very structure and goals of the organization to accommodate peoples personal goals,(Chris, A., in Kooontz ,H. and C. ODonnel,1976). While other thinkers suggest that, the best type of organization is one which succeeds best in achieving the accommodation of peoplesÂÂ   personal goals by promoting worker participation in decision making, enabling workers to fulfill themselves and use a wide variety of talents, management by objectives rather than by authority, and finally, good communication and expressive supervision. Schools as organizations are said to be influenced by a combination of factors and have their own organizational culture of change and development,(Mbiti, D.M.,1974).In most cases, school development implies the management of planned change. These changes may at times be consistent or not consistent with the organizational culture.Unplanned changes are no more than accidents. An attempt to redesign a school organizational culture in the way that will adapt to the changes within and in the external environment or to effectively achieve the goals sometimes result into conflicts, Mosha, H.(1994).This may be caused by shifts inÂÂ   the interest and perceptions of the organization members, fear of change ,self interest, perception of the organization goals strategies by teachers or long for good old days. The school management has to overcome these factors if it is to accomplish the planned change. BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM Schools have traditionally been expected to teach children academic skills. The school has the responsibility to develop in each child a favourable attitude towards learning.Schools are also places where students interact with one another, their teachers and educational administrators. Many educators believe that student behaviour affects academic achievement (Boothe,Bradley,Flick,Keough, and Kirk,1993). Traditional disciplinaryÂÂ   practices include various forms of punishment based on the assumption that if negative behaviours are eliminated, the classroom climate will be conducive for learning,(Canter Canter, 1992). Critics of traditional disciplinary practices believe that the emphasis on punishment thwarts development of student responsibility, leadership, independence and interdependence(Dreyfuss,1990, in Mahduri Pendharkar,1995). Tanzania like any other developing countries is at the forefront to make socio economic transformations to achieve some laid down principles in the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs). Some major transformations have been directed towards improving the management and performance of educational institutions including more enrolment in both primary and secondary schools, and prioritizing girls education,(TDREG 1989).The period between 2000 t0 2005 have showed an increased school enrolment. This has also impacted on recruitment of more teachers and increased government expenditure in education,(BEST 2005). While improvedÂÂ   performance in education is expected, training for management is frequently neglected. The impact has reflected on frequently and repeated conflicts in schools manifesting in boycott, riot, drop outs, as well as breakdown of managerial capacities and accountability in some schools. Whereas, conflict resolution skills for teachers or students in most schools is not emphasized. In most schools in Tanzania there are discipline masters, Patrons and Matrons whose traditional role is to suppress negative behaviours of students. Some of them were appointed on the basis of certain personal attributes rather than the required skills. Most of them lack conflict management skills. As a result students hate them. This is impacted by lack of conflict resolution skills in schools. The emphasis is on rigid rules and discipline. Lyons and Hathering (1992) pointed out that, organization health is characterized by high levels of trust, low conflict and friction, respect for differences, personal freedom and individual autonomy in patterns of supervision and control. Conflict in schools need to be properly managed in order toÂÂ   create a healthy organizational climate that is so important for effective learning and performance of responsibilities. Mosha, H.J.(1994) stressed that, some conflicts in higher learning institutions occur due to lack of proper diagnosis leading to crisis. Conflicts in schools are either not understood or not managed properly. Burton (1969) suggested for conflict management which include deterrence strategies aimed at avoiding escalation of conflict while maintaining control without giving way. Burton further suggested that if conflict builds towards crisis successful management should be able to turn the conflicting forces towards a constructive rather than a destructive direction. However, teachers training programs in Tanzania have not provided for greater flexibility for teachers to manage conflicts other than becoming disciplinarians. Mismanagement of conflicts in schools has resulted into increased government intervention leading to closure of schools and increased expenditure. Meanwhile, effective teaching and learning programs are always impaired leading to further crisis in schools and the government in general. The situation also creates burn out to some teachers to change their career. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The purpose of this study is to investigate on the factors influencing conflicts in schools in Tanzania. Several conflicts have been reported to have devastating impacts. There are frequently and repeated conflicts in most schools in Tanzania. The scientific explanation about the nature of these conflicts is not well established neither documented. It has also been reported that those conflicts involve school administrators and teachers, teachers and students, students and the school administration, as well as students themselves. At some levels conflicts escalate to involveÂÂ   the external school environment. The impacts of these conflicts have resulted into loss of lives of some students, demolished school buildings, riots, boycott and increased hostilities in the workplace, lack of conducive teaching learning environment, dismissal and suspension of students, administrators and teachers. This study therefore, is an attempt to investigate on the nature of conflicts in schools, and possibly come up with the real explanation as to why they frequently occur, as well to establish approaches that can be applied to harmonize the situation. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: (a). ToÂÂ   identify the nature of conflicts in public secondary schools in Tanzania. (b). To establish means to minimize conflicts in schools. (c). To contribute and extend knowledge and skills in conflict management for schools teachers and administrators. (d). To influence the government policy in education, conflict management is an integral part of the contemporary school environment. RESEARCH QUESTIONS/HYPOTHESES: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This study is intended to be broad spectrum in nature. It is expected to come up with possible explanation of the sources of conflicts in schools as learning and work places in Tanzania. It will also establish possible preventive conflict management approaches that are so essential and could be applied in resolving conflicts which arise in the school environment. Whereas, the study is expected to contribute the generation of new insights, knowledge and skills in management in general, and form a baseline for school administrators, managers, teachers and students to reflect on during situations of problems leading to conflicts. This study is perhaps the pioneer one as far as conflict management in schools is concerned. It is expected to influence the policy of the government. Conflicts in the contemporary school environment are becoming part and parcel of the total education system. Finally, the study will impact on other broader dimensions of the social systems in Tanzania. LITERATURE REVIEW: This section reviews and examines briefly some literature on relevant scholarly work. Mosha, H.J.(1994) describes conflict as an interactive opposing behavior between two or more people, organizations or systems over incompatible goals, interests, scarce resources, values, belief system, power and prestige, nature of relationship as well as performance. He further states that, conflicts behaviours may range from intellectual jostling or malicious gossip all the way to use of physical force to cause destruction of property or physical injury. Mosha,(1994) further suggests that conflicts are integral part of any social system they need to be properly managed in order to create a healthy organizational climate that is so important for effective performance of responsibilities. Whereas, Lyons and Hatherly, (1992) comment on organizational health that is the state in institutions characterized by generally highÂÂ   levels of trust, low conflict and individual autonomy in patterns of supervision and control. Lyons and Hatherly further insist that in health organizations relationships are honest, there is high degree of trust, poor performance is confronted and joint solutions sought. People feel free to signal problems and participate in finding solutions. Murphy and Saal(1990) in Mosha,(1994) stated that conflict management is a process of becoming aware of actual or potential conflict, diagnosing its nature and scope and employing appropriate methodology to diffuse the emotional energy involved and enable disputing parties to understand and resolve their differences. While, Burton(1969) adds on conflict management that include deterrence strategies aimed at avoiding escalation of conflict while maintaining control without giving way. According to Gray and Starke(1990) traditionalists conceived conflict as being intrinsically bad. Under this school of thought members of the organization who caused the conflict were regarded as emotionally disturbed, otherwise they should not have caused the conflict. Thus, to eliminate the conflict and thereby solve the problem it was necessary to fire or get psychiatric help for the responsible employees (Jandt and Gillettee,1985). The modern theorists according to (Gray and Starke,1990) in Mosha,(1994) argue that organizational conflict is neither good nor bad per se, and that it is inevitable. Conflict is inevitable and not necessarily harmful. Indeed, they continue to argue that you can not have an organization, community or society that is free from conflict. However, Mosha, H.J.(1979:169) argues that competence should be the major criterion for participation as educational problems have ramifications that require attention and specialized assistance is useful in mobilizing needed knowledge and judgment. At another scale of looking at leadership styles, Bennis,W.G.,(1989) was of the view that the challenges confronting organizational leaders are daunting even to the most intrepid. Bennis further comments that organizational restructuring has bulldozed away much worker morale and loyalty, along with many levels of management and thousands of jobs. The loosened bonds between workers and organizations have increased worker disaffection and raised turnover. Bennis, W.G.(1989) further commented on achieving styles, cultures, values, rewards and discontinuities that organizations have their special achieving styles, styles that their cultures, consciously or unconsciously inculcate in their members. That is, organizations characteristically reward certain kinds of achieving behavior and punish or ignore other kinds. Organizational culture both comfort and control its members. It comforts them by generating a familiar context for organizational life and offering membership to those who conform. At the same time, organizational culture controls members by constricting the range of behaviours and attitudes that are valued andÂÂ   rewarded. Furthermore, Max Weber(1864-1920) examined the organization and came up with the opinion that the term organization meant the ordering of social relationships, the maintenance of which certain individuals took upon themselves as a special task. Weber, further maintains that the presence of a leader and an administrative staff was a characteristic of an organization, which in fact was them who preserved the organization. Hence, basic to WebersÂÂ   ideas was the notion that human behavior is regulated by rules. The existence of a distinct set of rules was implicit in the concept of organization. On management, Henry Fayol (1916) stated that to manage is to forecast and plan to organize, to command and to co-ordinate and to control. While G.A. Cole(1994) proposed a working definition for strategic management as a process directed by top management to determine the fundamental aims or goals of the organization and ensure a range of decisions which will allow for the achievement of those aims or goals in the long-term whilst providing for adaptive responses in the short term. The above implies that, if the management is not successful in dealing with resistances to change and if it still wishes to change and continues to implement the change program, conflict will eventually arise, Mosha,(1994). Whereas, Ekval, G.(1993) cautioned that where antagonistic groups, divisions and camps exist the work climate is bound to be poor.

Lake Conservation And Urban Water Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Lake Conservation And Urban Water Management Environmental Sciences Essay Water is one of the most important substances on the earth. Water generates the hydrosphere, circulates in the atmosphere, and infiltrates deep into the ground and moves through the lithosphere and sustains the biosphere. Fresh water source like lake is a renewable resource following the hydrological cycle, it is not evenly distributed on the earths surface. Lakes are large water bodies, which have an important impact on human emotions such as security, happiness and creative aspects of behavior. These are not mere decorative bodies but are biological and psychological necessities. Environmentally lakes are one of the important ecosystems. They play a significant role in recharge and maintenance of ground water table. They have a great recreational potential in the form of water sports, boating etc. in todays fast and stressful life style. In case of emergency, they can serve as source of water for fire fighting etc. They can also be used for Aquaculture as a source of income. They a dd to the beauty of the city promoting tourism. The lakes and reservoirs, all over the country are facing degradation. The degradation is due to encroachments and eutrophication (from domestic and industrial effluents) and silt accumulation. There has been a considerable increase in urban population especially after industrial revolution. The human settlements have taken place in and around the ponds and lakes to mitigate their demands, resulting in contaminating the water sources. The need of Conservation and Management of Lakes is therefore rightly understood by the world community and the issues relating Conservation of lakes are on the anvil. In Lentic or lake ecosystems, the aging process is just the reverse of lotic or river systems. Where as streams tend to get wider and deeper as they age, lakes tend to get shallower and the banks extend into what was originally open water. Natural filling is generally due to wind blown materials (soil, leaves, etc.) entering the system, sediment input by terrestrial run off, aquatic plant and animal debris and eutrophication. Eutrophic lakes When the balance is upset between photosynthesis and decomposition due to enrichment of water by inorganic plant nutrients, either too much organic material accumulates without getting decomposed adequately or too many bacteria are present and an overabundance of decomposition occurs, the lake is classed as Eutrophic. They are considered to be middle aged systems. They are relatively shallow in comparison to Oligotrophic lakes. They have a silty or mud bottom and have sufficient nutrients to support a large population of animals. The accelerated or cultural eutrophication of several waterbodies is caused by human activity. Large quantities of mineral nutrients and organic matter are added to the waterbodies in the form of sewage effluents, organic wastes, agricultural run-offs, excreta and The Process of Eutrophication fertilizers sewage (liquid domestic Industrial waste) minerals esp. nitrates minerals esp. nitrates eutrophication algal bloom competition for light consumers canà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t consume fast enough dead plants dead algae detritus more decomposers use up oxygen by aerobic respiration (increased BOD) aerobes die invertebrates, fish etc. anaerobic bacteria thrive, release NH4,CH4,H2S exudates of animals and humans etc. These provide plenty of phosphates, nitrates (mostly of fertilizers applied to agricultural lands, domestic sewage etc.) which lead to exuberant growth of algae and other water plants. A rich microbial and animal population also develops. The process of natural Eutrophication which is generally very slow , thus gets accelerated. Silt and organic debris accumulates at the bottom and the system turns into a shallow muddy pond, then to a marsh and finally into a dry land. Thus a waterbody which could have been useful as a reservoir of fresh water and could have helped the growth of fish etc. for hundreds of years becomes totally useless within a span of few years only. Sources of Lake Pollution: The sources of Pollution can be classified as fixed point sources and Non-point Sources EFFECTS OF EUTROPICATION Undesirable effects of Eutrophication Algal blooms: The decaying algae, fish, planktons and other organisms cause foul smell. On depletion of oxygen level and on exhausting nitrate oxygen, sulphates are reduced as a last resort to yield hydrogen sulphide which results in bad smell and putrefied taste of water. The lakes become aesthetically unpleasant. Plant growth and silt hinder recreation activities. Rate of sedimentation increases, which shortens the life span of lakes. Mosquito nuisance increases causing health hazards to nearby residents. Steps to Control Eutrophication Preventive Measures Effective waster water treatment and removal of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous before discharging the sewerage into waterbodies. Controlling the recycling of nutrients through harvest. Effective disposal of organic matter as sludge. Developing phosphate-free detergents for domestic use. Adopting effective Physico-chemical methods for removal of dissolved nutrients such as nitrogen phosphorous compounds. Overcoming the temptation of over-fertilization. Remedial Measures for Eutrophication: Controlling eutrophication by applying algaecides such as copper Sulphate, chlorine etc. on susceptible surface waterbodies. Removal of the algal bloom by dredging mechanical means.. Underwater weed cutters mounted on boats can be used to remove rooted aquatic plants. Dredges can be used to remove sediments to prevent recycling of nutrients and also for deepening of the lake. Sealing of Lake Bottom with polythene sheeting to prevent release of nutrients from sediments. Providing aeration artificially to increase the DO levels in the lake water. Diluting and or flushing the lake with water from Oligotrophic source. Using Bio remediation techniques. Arresting of nutrients: Biological removal using the ability of some microorganism to take up phosphorous in excess of their immediate nutritional requirements and store it within the cells in the form of polyphosphates. The sludge thus formed can be removed from the system. Water Quality Network Central Pollution Control Board started national water quality monitoring in 1978 under Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), Water Programme. Monitoring, Programme was started with 24 surface water and 11 groundwater stations. Parallel to. GEMS, a National Programme of Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources (MINARS), was started in 1984, with a total of 113 stations spread over 10 river basins. The present network comprises of 870 stations on rivers, lentic water bodies and subsurface waters are elaborated. The number of locations on mainstream of the major river and their tributaries, medium and minor rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and other water bodies is given in parenthesis. It is estimated that there is about 45,000 riverine length in India out of which about 6500 km length is having BOD higher than 6 mg/1 and can be branded as polluted, another 8500 km length is moderately polluted having BOD in the range of 3 to 6 Mg/l, and remaining about 30,000 km is relativ ely clean having BOD of 3 or Management of lake Trophic State Index in Conservation of Lake Ecosystems. When faced with challenges of trying to describe and organize what is known about the many varied diverse waterbodies, scientists have developed the Trophic State Index (TSI) Classification. This requires minimum data and is generally easy to understand. In the Index total chlorophyll indicates algal biomass and biological productivity: and water clarity is determined by Secchi disc, which indicates the level to which light can penetrate; and algae can photosynthesize. TSI is the best and easy method. The range of the index between 40-50 is usually associated with mesotrophy (moderate productivity); values greater than 50 are associated with eutrophy (high productivity), values less than 40 are associated with oligotrophy (low productivity). Thus, the Trophic State Index (TSI) can serve an important tool in conservation of Lakes. Assessing the Hydrologic Characteristics of Lake Catchment Using GIS Land use change is a dynamic process and if anthropogenic it has most often adverse effects on ecological hydrological processes. For better understanding the impacts of changing physical characteristics on the hydrologic process, geospatial tools like remote sensing and GIS have been found useful. World Lake Vision The key to sustainable use of our lakes and wetlands lies in finding a balance between the water needs of human beings and the ability of nature to meet same over the long term. The WLV has articulated the basic action plan for sustainable use of lake and wet land resources in the form of seven basic principles. Seven Principles for the sustainable lake management are related with:- Harmony between Nature Man. Drainage Basin. Preventive approach to problem solving. Policy based on sound Science. Conflict Resolution. Stake holderà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s involvement. Good governance. If future water security is to be achieved, there is an urgent need to initiate steps for protection, conservation and sustainable use of precious water resources in general and lakes in particular. Powai Lake A Case Study The Powai Lake of Mumbai Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) is located about 27 Km. away in the North East of Mumbai City. It is an artificial reservoir formed by constructing a masonry dam between two hillocks across the Powai basin in the year 1891. The watershed area of the Powai Lake is 661 hectors. The top level of dam is 58.5 Mtrs. THD (Town Hall Datum), length is about 110 mtrs. and height is varying from 3mtrs.(Min.) to 6.00 Mtrs(Max.).The lake deteriorated due to accelerated growth of residential and commercial premises around the lake and quarrying activities in the catchments area. Also there was no proper control on surrounding. Thus, there was an urgent need to evolve the strategy to improve and maintain the Powai lake surroundings. In the year 1995, under the national Lake Conservation Plan of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) Government of India, the Powai Lake of MCGM was reviewed and identified for revival and improvements. The Powai Lake of Mumbai which was deteriorated due to eutrophication is now recovered using bioremediation and aeration technique. Observations before the start of revival work and after the completion of the same. Sr. Parameter Units Required value for Eco balance Value before the start of Work (March 2002) Values after Completion of the work (April 2003) Top Bottom Top Bottom 1 D.O. mg/L 52 2.87 1.3 6.05 5.45 2 C.O.D. mg/L 10 to 30 57.5 103.9 20.7 28.9 3 Phosphate mg/L 0.01 to 0.035 3.971 5.618 0.0188 0.0178 4 Nitrate/Nitrogen mg/L 0.1 or less 2.063 3.1 0.0727 0.0692 5 pH No. 7 to 8.5 7.73 6.98 7.6 7.88 6 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/L N.P. 8.91 2.5 2.18 2.02 7 Total Suspended Solids mg/L 10.00 or less 65.00 131.50 8.3 8.2 8 Turbidity in NTU NTU N.P. 103.5 404.3 9.3 7.9 9 Chlorophyll-A mg/m3 8 to 25 28.72 0.022 23.91 7.9

The Importance of Organ Donation Essay -- Organ Donor Health Medical P

The Importance of Organ Donation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each day approximately 6,300 people die and what makes this haunting is that presently there are 83,513 people waiting for organs to be donated, yet each day 17 people die because they do not receive a transplant (http://www.donatelife.net/facts_stats.html). These statistics show that people who are waiting for organ transplants have a good chance at being saved and get what they need. The sad truth is though, because of the lack of people willing to donate organs, many people will continue to wait for organs to save their lives. ?Waiting lists of patients for organ transplants become longer as the need for transplantable organs increases? (Sheehy 1). Think back to how someone might feel when a close family member or friend dies. With out argument, the feeling one experiences when going through a time like that is one of the most painful experiences. The feeling when one gets when they know that they will never again see the person you loved so much, never hold th em, touch them, experience their presence. It is a horrible feeling. What many do not realize is simply by donating organs, you can help someone else not have to deal with that pain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organ donation is when someone who has died, has previously given permission for their organs to be taken from their body and transplanted into someone else?s who because of some sort of medical condition, can not survive off of their own. At the time of death one?s heart, intestine, kidneys, liver, lung, pancreas, pancreas islet cell, heart valves, bone, skin, corneas, veins, cartilage, and tendons can all be used for transplantation. Choosing to donate organs is beneficial to many people, morally the right thing to do when you pass on and, is also one of the most important ways for survival of many people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organ donation is often perceived with doubt because many people do not know the truth. There are many myths out about the donating of organs that cause many people to opt not to. What many do not realize is the truth about organ donation. The body of the donor after the surgery is not mangled up and is presentable for the funeral. Organ donation is ethical and should not be looked down upon. Organ donating is there to save lives, not to hurt anyone. Many people think that they should be paid or given something in return for donating their organs, which is... ...en through the example of Nickolas Green, when you donate organs you not only save one life, but often numerous. Your body has so many vital organs and tissues that can be donated and given to many different people. For many of these people, what you donate to them, can be a matter of life or death. If they don?t receive a donation soon enough, their time will run out and they will pass away. By donating organs you are giving of your body, something that will never again by seen after death. You are making the morally correct decision to help others. It seems we are all brought up to help others and give of yourself, and what better way to do so then by donating of your organs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you go to get your drivers licence, be sure to mark that you will donate. Put yourself in the shoes of someone waiting for a donation. They hear of people dying and yet nothing will happen for their benefit if these people don?t choose to donate. Picture you husband or wife, on their death bed unless someone will donate their organs. Make the right decision to bring happiness out of death. Do not put your organs to waste, help those in need, and choose to donate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The Cost of Discipleship Essay -- Papers

The Cost of Discipleship The definition of the word disciple means a follower or one who learns. Jesus chose several disciples to follow him and to go out and preach his teachings. We are told in the 'call of the disciples' in Mark's gospel that the men Jesus chose weren't special or significant in any way, the men he chose were just normal men consisting of fishermen and tax collectors. Jesus appoints his first four disciples, Simon, Andrew, James and John by simply saying: "Come follow me and I will make you fishers of men." Immediately, they left their things and followed a man they hardly knew. This is the only indication we get that the disciples were in a way special, because the disciples had the courage and trust in God follow Jesus. The same also occurred with the selection of the fifth disciple Levi who was later renamed Matthew. Jesus approaches Matthew in his tax collectors booth and says "follow me", Matthew then rises and follows Jesus. The selection of the disciples seems very strange as none of the...

An Investigation of Postpartum Depression Essay -- Biology Essays Rese

An Investigation of Postpartum Depression Missing Works Cited The recent Andrea Yates murder trial brought a firestorm of controversy as the issue of postpartum depression (PPD) became a debated topic throughout the country. Did Andrea truly suffer from psychosis as she drowned her five children in the bathtub or was such defense a scheme to avoid the death sentence? Prosecutors suggested the spousal-revenge theory as a motive for the killings. Could she have committed murder to get back at a possessive and domineering husband? (1). The outcome of the trial was by no means exceptional as it was a murder case, which resulted in a life sentence conviction. It did however, create awareness within the medical field and mainstream public about the historical connection between pregnancy and psychiatric illness. Unfortunately such dialogue also brought long standing misconstrued notions which must be eradicated. Mental illness has been a reality not only for Yates but for millions of women throughout the country. Depression tends to be one of the most prevalent consequences of childbearing as 50% of new mothers report slight bouts of depression, 10% have manic depression and .2% suffer from psychosis(2). Yonkers et. al, further investigated postpartum depression rates for minority women in comparison to their Caucasian counterparts. After conducting a postpartum three trial screening which included the Structured Clinical Interview, it was found that depression rates for Latino, Blacks and White racial groups was between 6.5% to 8.5% (3). Regardless of race, all groups of women were susceptible to similar rates of PPD at 3-5 weeks postpartum. Other studies have found that depressive disorders begin even before giving birth... ...s the need for changes in the current "drive thru" system of childbirth. Hospital stays have been reduced as new mothers are quickly sent home without medical resources at their disposal(8). The Andrea Yates trial was significant in that it raised awareness of mental illness under a media firestorm. It made the American public aware of the potential actions such illness can cause a person to do. Dialogue, however, is not a sufficient means in which to properly target and treat PPD. The medical establishment must ensure prevention through mental health screenings and subsequent psychiatric check-ups for new mothers. Through educational campaigns, awareness must be brought to the masses so that the stigma attached to mental illness be eradicated. Hopefully, people will seek proper treatment as there are millions suffering with depression in isolation and silence.

Journal on “Hands” by Sherwood Anderson Essay

The short story, Hands, which was written by Sherwood Anderson, basically revolves around Wing Biddlebaum, who is the main character of the story, and his struggles to cure his seemingly â€Å"uncontrollable hands. † In the story, Wing is portrayed as a middle-aged and nearly bald man who lives alone in his home. His only friend is George Willard, a young reporter for local paper, whom he values a lot. Other than Wing’s ordeal with his â€Å"disease,† the story also highlights his friendship with George. Basically, Wing first discovered his â€Å"disease† when he was still a teacher in Pennsylvania. As a teacher, Wing was very close to his students and often touched their hair and shoulders as a form of affection. However, one of the students, a boy, misinterpreted his actions as sexual in nature, causing his parents to confront him and throw him out of town. This experience basically caused Wing to live in isolation as he believed he was sick and he needed to avoid close contact with people to be cured. However, Wing’s â€Å"uncontrollable hands† again continued to haunt him despite his isolation him and almost jeopardized his friendship with George. In another flashback, while Wing is giving advice to George, he suddenly finds himself caressing the boy’s shoulders with his hands the just like the way he touched his students shoulders. Although George doesn’t notice what he was doing to him, Wing was bewildered upon realizing what his hands were doing to the boy and so he quickly placed them into his pockets. It was here that he realized that he was not yet cured of his â€Å"disease. † Generally, although the story did not specifically say that Wing has a â€Å"disease,† almost every event concerning his hands showed that he had one. However, it would be more accurate to say that his â€Å"uncontrollable hands† were psychological in nature. Basically, when Wing uses his hands to do things such as picking strawberries at an extraordinary speed and caressing the shoulder’s of his students, he does so almost subconsciously, which further supports the fact that he had a mental problem.

Malaysia Airlines Corporate Policy and Strategy Essay

This fitting requires a writer to write a subject of both g overnment which is intricate in transportation and communication intentness. The subscribe and purpose of this field of study is to examine the st enumerategical solicitude subroutine to angiotensin-converting enzyme of the industries. The strategic doment process entrust be to a heavy(p)er extent emphasise in this hatch where its importance in the organisation race an consequential factor in couch for the organisation to grow and detonate. Malaysia radiatelines (MAS) direct been elect as an organisation for this paper. Malaysia Airlines is a commercialised air travel organisation where they hand over transportation utility d unmatchedout the universe, particular proposition bothy 850 destinations in 150 countries. The organisation smart case- firmened profile go out explain to a greater extent than about the history of the organisation itself which atomic number 18 the founder of the organ isation, the year it fountain its run, location, run range, r up to straightue and turnover report.After that, a strategic abstract of the Malaysia Airlines provide be explained more which includes world-wide milieu, intimate environment and warlike environment. In general environment, the weakness of the organisation assumes to contemplate so peerlessr the problems and weaknesses itself leave convey toll to wards the organisation. The beak which is vent to be employ to kill the weaknesses ar pest analysis and ram analysis which consecutively serve its purposes to analyse inborn and external factors. In infixed environment, a situation that commode buoy m windup Malaysia Airlines personal credit line go forth be adjudicated. It is divide into cardinal categories, jimmy drawstring analysis and resource ground fascinate. Value chain analysis in allow be utilize to add value to the organisation itself opus resource based view pull up stakes b e intention to explain how the resources of the organisation tolerate be wasting disease to gravel an emolument, competitively. After done doing that, strategic saying is needed for Malaysia Airlines.A fit final ca make believe and dodging argon needed to coiffe the organisation main accusatives. c argon take aim system and incorporated level schema lead be affair to explain the competitive advantage and how corporate advert admirers its subsidiary play along to grow and spread out. global system is as well up as in include in the strategic prep atomic number 18dness in baseb from each one club for Malaysia Airlines to stick its level of competencies and afterlife potential in outside(a) argonna. murder of that inter subject field dodging leave behind take to action after evaluation and analysis. In the implementation scheme, a twister with a all-encompassing s take ofvision and accusation is needed in put in for the action plan to baffl e reality. With a great attractership skill, the employees result be stir to bleed more efficient to deliver the goods the objective that had been educate. both the explanation extravagantlyer up atomic number 18 supported with halal references victimization journals, books, internet, articles and updated data from Malaysia Airlines from its caller report. Lastly, a ratiocination forget be made to intermit all of the instruction from the report.1.0 IntroductionMalaysian Airline System Berhad is the primary air duct of Malaysia. Malaysia Airlines (MAS) operates trajectorys from Kuala Lumpur internationalistic Airport mainly and with a junior-grade hub at Kota Kinabalu and Kuching. From the report, the strategic circumspection of Malaysia Airlines is analysed. The report is produced for Mr Mathew Teale. Most of the resources in this report atomic number 18 based on report and journal. Besides, articles and impertinentlyspapers atomic number 18 too macrocosm employ as the secondary resources. Gather from latest data, Malaysia Airlines has revenue worth as a good cumulation as RM13 billion.In stirgy get awayment, there atomic number 18 outline Analysis, outline cooking and Strategy Implementation which argon the process to outmatch that external factor which consist of objective to fulfil(Hambrick, 2007). Under the core group of globalization, the world has intensifyd in ein truth sector and those changes had cropd intimately of the potful activities with obstacles to execute their schema. A companions finances will be change if their trouble fails to formulate and implement the fitting about efficient and suitable scheme. Strategy analysis, strategy formulation and strategy implementation atomic number 18 the fundamentals to solve disallow factors no matter what is the problems.Comp several(prenominal)(prenominal) ProfileMalaysia Airlines was founded in 1937 by dint of an idea by the Alfred Holts ocean Stea mship Company in liverpool formulate together with the Imperial Airmodal values in from Britain and oral sex Steamship Company in capital of Singapore. This had configuration the outcome of Malayan Air dashs Limited(MAL) on the equal year. As usual, this airline business faced several(predicate) vocalisations of industrial challenges throughout these seven decades. Therefore, the social club had rectifyd and repackaged their image and go. Malaysia Airlines started their dodging work originated in Subang Airport and afterward move to Kuala LumpurInternational Airport (KLIA). Malaysia Airlines serve diametric family line of nodes in society pyramid. Therfore, Malaysia Airlines stomach divers(prenominal) class of seatings which be front class, short letter class, and economic class. tally to Malaysia Airlines yearly Report on 2012, incredible leaving of RM481,457,000 was hit after the loss on 2011 which was two billion.This shows the incapabilities of managem ent in Malaysia Airlines to manage the gild. Therefore, the management needfully to be rearranged and re constructiond. Besides, Malaysia Airlines atomic number 18 go about more competitors in the assiduity much(prenominal) as Airasia. To overcome this challenge, Malaysia Airlines tried to up give with their competitors by providing high musical none of serve in run to clear guests faith and allegiance so that they could decl be stable glide path back customers. Their strategy was a succeeder and this brush aside be seen when several awards are awarded by Skytrax UK and World Travel Awards. The awards are the Asias steer Airline(2011), Asias Leading Business Class Airline (2010) and tail fin Star Airline (2012). Malaysia Airlines built up their image as the top airline in Malaysia by winning those award.2.0 strategical AnalysisThe process of wait oning a follow to befool further savvy regarding their external environment is what we call strategy analysis. Str ategy analysis contri only ife ontogenesis an well-favoured medications potential, capability and interation amidst environment. Profit vomit up up be passd if Malaysia Airlines execute the deuce-ace strategic processes which are analysis, formulation and implementation. By doing the analysis of external evnironment and evaluating the home(a) environment, we are able to make purpose of the chances and trace the industrial potential in the future.2.1 usual EnvironmentIn value to service of process Malaysian Airlines in fitting itself to get hold of the weaknesses, several analysis much(prenominal)(prenominal) as lad, scenerio homework and maneuver are carried out. Besieds, general environment acts as a pricking to rank the weakness in Malaysia Airlines which whitethorn lead to external environment that changes speedily (Henry, 200841).2.1.1 Scenario PlanningScenario formulation is delimit as number of visualizing what up approach path situation or events are probable, what their effects would be like,and how to do to, or benefit from,them(Business Dictionary, n.d.). Scenario planning non only faeces patron to target future oppoturnity, besides also helps an governing body to afford critical decision. This give the gate help an organization to utilize opportunity and res shoot forover a direction from the bane. The scenario planning is mention by Henry (2008) as a regularity to find changes and uncertainty in their exertion and promote systematic opinion and even decision making under spontaneus situation. However, Malaysia Airlines did not do proper scenario planning which make them faced great loss as stated in their annual report 2012. As a carriage to stop this situation continue to grow, Malaysia Airline should rattling consider and think deeply of their scenario planning. Besides, the final harvesting of Airline patience shows influence to Malaysia Airline scenario planning. Therefore, Malaysia Airline shou ld make mapping of PEST and SWOT analysis to identify deeply their market environment.2.1.2 PEST analysisPEST analysis to the highest degree ordinarily is engrossd to mea genuine a market. By doing the PEST analysis, Malaysia Airlines will link the inherent tetrad factors that may affect their business in general and competitive environment. As a Malaysian national ease off airlines, it is compulsory and a must for them to go through and obey the political decision and governmental policies. Being an airline union in Malaysia, forever and a day need to cope with the taxes which have been a big obstacles especially during delivery crisis. According to Malaysia Airlines annual report 2011, Malaysia Airlines had experienced a spacious loss as RM400 millions even sooner taxation is done.This shows how slimy and badly the situation of the company was. Furthermore, our catamenia Prime Minister Datuk Seri NajibTun Razak announced that the stripped wage of private sectors i n Penisular has been set for RM900 and RM800 for those in Sarawak. This make ups the burden of Malaysia Airlines which has approximately 18,000 workers. As a way to overcome the late policy and obligeed to it, Malaysia Airliens hence introduced a new wagesing plan to their workers. t. In make do with the new policy, Malaysia Airlines has announced on their strategy to bye permanent rung a ut around two eld of unpaid leave only and excluding their subdiaries which are Maswings and FIrefly.Airlines biggest expenses will be the crews wages and send away expenses. As global fuel wrong is add-on, it influenced Malaysia Airlines run follow for sure which will directly solution the loss in their dough. Besides, unstable fuel price that influenced rescue will affect their manages price in stock exchange too. (sharif, Ranjbar and Arumugam , 2011). Furthermore, Malaysia Airlines had increased their flight ticket fares as a way to cover up the administration and operate equ al. As the increment of ticket fares occurred, topical anesthetic citizens with inflict or medium income holders to decrease their frequency to travel on flight. Besides, one of the undeniable factors is inflation which urinates the value of silver to be lowered free coin from the wages unable to do much extra occasion planning.Prior to the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, Malaysia Airlines suffered in the vast losses of RM260million. As a way to overcome the crisis, the airlines cut a bus of routes which are un dofulnessable such(prenominal) as Brussels, Darwin, Honolulu, Madrid, Munich and Vancouver. Besides, approximately a decade after in 2011, f repairening loss of RM2.52billion was achieved by Malaysia Airlines and breaks its historical record. This incident had push the management to terminate the flight to Surabaya, Karachi, Dubai, Johannesburg in January of the similar year. The action was unable to calm the managements who later ceased the routes to Cape T make, Buenos Aires and Rome in February 2011.For friendly factor, we k in a flash that there are different types of people with different preference in this acres, so with different culture and thinking in society, not all(prenominal)(prenominal)one would like to hold flight as their transportation option. This is ascribable to the fear factor that stuck in their amount of money to looking insecure with the flight transportation. Therefore, s opening go is always one of the main romp to be concerned and make sure the society feel safe with their services. galosh instructions are being briefed originally the flight depart every cadence and this dissolve prevent chaos to occur if there is any accident occurs. Besides, restitution is also one of the option for customer to procure in their flight ticket. This cease relieve the insecurity of passengers when they admit to use Malaysia Airlines.In terms of technology, Internet has lead our world to globalization andinformation volley era. Malaysia Airlines sees this as an opportunity to promote their company services to the youth conveniently. The customers notify purchase the flight tickets easily from their website rather than contain to their branches and queue up which will be even more expensive and measure consuming. Hence, Malaysia Airlines is able to deduct and decrease operating hail hail and their budget in extra offices and infra coordinate. However, not everyone are well-skilled in cultivation the internet and many of the rural areas in our country still lack of such services which seems common in most of the city. Besides, credit or debit vizor is a necessity in order to purchase from online ticketing system which also will be a obstacle for near of the senior citizens. Lastly, we shall concern about the perceptual constancy of Malaysia Airlines proxy server which is overloaded some clips.2.1.3 SWOT AnalysisSWOT analysis is a method where a structured planning raise be done by evaluating the 4 factors which are potences, weaknesses, opportunities and terrors (Humprey, 2005). Malaysia Airlines after part use SWOT at their own benefits to come across more about the external environment. Malaysia Airlines is a well known carry designation which has become strength of this company to exploit. With its 70 historic period of experiences in the airline industry, this sword name has win the heart of the customers wheres fealty is crucial to them. In addition, Malaysia Airlines are highly recognized by the multinational organisation. Plus, Malaysia Airlines are also has been supported by the Malaysian government for years. With this, they open fire number on the government if they are having a pecuniary problem or another(prenominal) troublesomeies which female genitalia benefit them.Malaysian Airlines won a get by of prestigious awards in the past 10 years and their broad network of destinations also has become their strength that led the poten tial and loyal customers to choose them. Thereby, with this entire strength combine, chances of Malaysia Airline to win and take consider of the industry are higher. Malaysia Airlines and other companies are not excluded from the organisational weaknesses. The increase fuel price had cause Malaysia Airlines huge loss as much as RM1.36 million.Other than that, their operating terms such as landing fees ishigherthatin which are affecting their financial. This wholly affected their simoleons and thus giving them problemto be dealt with. Price war with Air Asiaalso has affected their target in positive the local anesthetic anaesthetic market.Since Malaysian income per capita is lower than other countries, therefore Malaysia Airlines are now foc utilize more with the middle and hurrying class customers. Malaysia Airlines has analyse its opportunities in the market.Aircraft passengers have been growing as much as 13.5% every year. By this, Malaysia Airlines are going to take this o pportunity to expand their services in other countries such as China and Japan where the people over there always travel abroad. The increase song of cargo industry also have become a goodable sector for Malaysia Airlines. In 2010, the increasing numbers of air cargo service has come up to 26.5%. As a result of that, Malaysia Airlines can manage to get a mickle of profit in this growing industry by exploiting the opportunities and turn it into a profit. In nemesiss, fuel price have been a problem for Malaysian Airlines for years.Inevitably, Malaysia Airlines operating speak to may also increase if the fuel prices increase. not only that, supranational airlines such as Cathay Pacific Airways, Singapore International Airways and Garuda Indonesia Airways are competing with Malaysia Airlines internationally and Air Asia domestically. The threat of new entrant also be a factor for Malaysia Airlines to deal with if financial institution policy changes. let down interest rate and c redit loan willallownew airliners to fancy the industry. The more new airliners enter the industry the likelihood of Malaysia Airlines to struggle in the business will be higher. In order to cope with that, Malaysia Airlines need to be more prepared.2.2 emulous EnvironmentAccording to Mack (2010), competitive environment is defined or explained as a high- office staff system for the business to compete positively in. At such, analysis technique of doorkeeper Five Forces modeling is executed to generalise the environment.2.2.1 Porters Five Forces FrameworkPorter five forces is a mannikin which studys the industry and business strategy development to determine the competitive strength (Porter, 1979). By victimization this analyzing technique, Malaysia Airlines can identify the threat of new entrants. Since the needs to start an airlines company are hard,consequently, the threat of new entrants has reduced. Furthermore, stag name is important to the customers these days. Addi ng to that, to go into this business not also need high capital but also need an establish brand name. Thus, rather than start an establish brand name, the new threat entrants will focus more on the loyal customer. The only new threat entrants Malaysia Airlines need to focus more are the international airlines. There are two companies that are competing a conglomeratest each other in the aircraft manufacturing industry which are Boeing and Airbus. Since Malaysia Airlines are choosing Boeing as their main aircraft, therefore, Boeing has no option to increase their aircraft prices.If Boeing increases their aircraft price, most probably Malaysia Airlines will change their aircraft to Airbus. Consequently, Malaysia Airlines can use its negociate post of consumer to bargain the aircraft price. This undoubtedly will be an advantage to Malaysia Airlines to save their buying damage that led Boeing with no other plectron to sell its aircraft to Malaysia Airlines since theyre having a to rtuous clipping in competing in the aircraft manufacturing industry. The bargaining power of suppliers is depending on the numbers of alternatives the consumer has. For Malaysia Airlines, it is difficult to change to another aircraft manufacturer such as Airbus since their attention staff areexperienced with Boeings aircraft.By changing the aircraft manufacturer, Malaysia Airlines need to elapse a conduct of money to train their concern staff which and switching cost is high.Therefore, the power of suppliers cannot be a negative factor since Malaysia Airlines only rely on one aircraft manufacturer. Plus, the power of suppliers is insignificant where Malaysia Airlines has their own aircraft maintenance subsidiary company. For fuel, the bargaining power of suppliers is not really high since in Malaysia there is only little accelerator pedal organization and the price is set by the government.2.2.2 strategical Groupsstrategic groups are used to classify or identity the companies that are having the similar business model or mixture of strategies applied. (Porter, 1980). As a well known 5 stars airlines company, Malaysia Airlines always protract various place of destinations throughout the world where Airasia only provide certain well-known and popular destination. However, Airasia as thelow cost carrier, has advantages in competition as they can always attract customers in Asia that always go for cheaper option.2.3 Internal EnvironmentAn internal environmental analysis is an extensive check out of all aspects of a companys operations, internal guidance and mission. (wiseGEEK, n.d.). Value-chain analysis and resource-based view can be used as analysis tools.2.3.1 Value-chain AnalysisMalaysia Airlines primary income is based from logistics services and secondary activities are aircraft maintenance and technology development. By coordinate these value chain analysis activities, Malaysia Airlines can have a lower cost structure and increase the value of out come product. By increasing the value of outcome product, Malaysia Airlines can compete better in the industry by understanding the connection amongst each of the value-chain activity. Additionally, a proper coordination with their union, customers and suppliers can reduce cost and adds up the bind between customers and company itself. As its outcome, improvement of the deed in Malaysia Airlines primary and secondary activities can be achieved and higher profit can be gained in the process. .2.3.2 Resource-based visitAirline industry was slammed pretty hard globally in previous years. Terrorists struggle on 11st September 2001 still horrify the hearts of passengers globally. The strong competitive environments by low cost carriers such as Airasia in Malaysia is also causing the national flag carrier to restructure their operations. Their resources such as airplanes and crews quality need to be concerned and look into deeply. As the oldest flight carrier company in Malaysia, t hey shall use this advantage to continue to stay at the frontline in airline industry by using its available sufficient resources expeditiously with the help of government and come up with efficient strategies as a way to compete and stabilize its own potision in airline industry. .3.0 STRATEGY FORMULATIONFormulation of strategies is necessary in order for Malaysia Airlines toachieve its mission and objectives. An excellent structure and organize strategies will beneficiary to Malaysia Airlines in competing in the airline industry.3.1 Business Level StrategyBusiness level strategy is very important where it will be use as a method to develop the strategy at a maximum level. In addition, it is crucial for Malaysia Airlines to implement and adapt to this strategy because its a way for them to make use all of their resources and qualification in the airlines industry to accomplish its corporate level strategy.3.1.1 Industry Life hertzIn any industries, entree, crop, maturity and d eclension development stages have to go through including industry products. Malaysia Airlines has gone through the introduction phase where they had been through a lot of difficulties and up and down since 1937. notwithstanding unfortunately, Malaysia Airlines financial report has shown that the company is suffering from internal and external environment where they are facing profit losses. Malaysia Airlines is now in the growth stage where they are trying to impose a new efficient strategy to cover up their losses from 2008 to 2012.Malaysia Airlines profit are at the highest in 2008 as much as RM15,570,141 and decreasing slow in the past 5 years and the lowest is in the year 2009 that slump as much as RM11,605,111. operators that cause this financial downturn are the increasing price of the fuel, competitiveness of other airlines, scant(p) trade strategy and high operating cost. In coping with this matter, Malaysia Airlines is now broaden their flight destination and suspen d some flight from a destination that crack less profit, improve quality of service in order to create customer demand and thus progressing in the growth stage.3.1.2 DifferentiationMalaysia Airlines impose differentiation strategy by creating various types of seat class such as Economic Class, Business Class and First Class. This is to ensure that all the mutation of services that being offer are affordable for the different type of customers. It is also to increase theadvantages in competing by delivering the value added product to differentiate Malaysia Airlines services from other airline competitors. Adding to that, by allow the customers choose what type of services they privation, the loyalty of the customer would be increased. This shows that Malaysia Airlines are coping with price sensitivity, switching cost, higher entry barriers and threat of substitutes, in the five forces. As a result, Malaysia Airlines has victoryfully competed in the airline price wars that let th e company to gain back profit in 2011.3.2 incorporate Level Strategy corporeal strategy signifies actions for Malaysia Airlines to take in gaining its competitive advantage. Specifically, to help Malaysia Airlines in an advantage where they can dominance the market and maximise profit for a long period of time. Thus, this strategy helps Malaysia Airlines to improve its strategy and at the resembling time giving them a great spot in absolute the market.3.2.1 Growth Strategies each company can practice quatern strategies specifically for the growing process. By now, Malaysia Airlines are targeting to penetrate the international control the local market. Malaysia Airlines are trying to use its active services and products to increase their sales. Malaysia Airlines achieve it by strengthening the bond with their customer to keep using its airlines and at the same time bringing new customer. For that reason, Malaysia Airlines are now starting to increase their promotion using socia l and mass media. Other than that, Malaysia Airlines are also amend their website to become more convenient and easy with less procedure for all the customers that wish to book a ticket.In surviving in the good market, Malaysia Airlines should prepare more for its opportunity to expand its growth. Malaysia Airlines as a pioneer and preeminent the local airlines industry should increase more their competitiveness in competing in the international market. Taking ASEAN countries as a introductory step, Malaysia Airlines should understand more each of the country geographically, culture and religions. By developing this understanding, customers will tend to choose Malaysia Airlines that in the end would increase their sales, profitand penetrate the international market.3.2.2 Corporate ParentingMalaysia Airlines as mention company of MAS Cargo, MASwings, MAS Aerotechnologies and etc. Malaysia Airlines as the corporate raise can achieve a lot of profit if they integrate all of its s ubsidiaries company as an individual business unit. Malaysia Airlines can save cost in managing all of its subsidiaries company. non just that, a proper integration between the subsidiaries company can help Malaysia Airlines to derive its economic home base that will further move them in accomplishing their intentions. Concurrently, Malaysia Airlines can help its subsidiaries company and put them into an advantage where they can make use ofMalaysia Airlines expertise and resources. As a result of that, Malaysia Airlines subsidiaries company will be enhance in controlling their budget, making decision and planning process. Nevertheless, if any economic catastrophes occur, therefore, it will become detriment for Malaysia Airlines if its subsidiaries company is in the economic crisis.3.2.3 Strategic EvaluationIn following the variety formulation strategic plan, strategic evaluation is the most important part before implementing all of the strategies that been plan. The strategies w ill be evaluate and assess to find out its efficiency. In addition, the consistency of the strategies must be in a long term where the use of the strategies itself can benefit Malaysia Airlines in the coming years rather than being a yearly plan. Its obvious that not all of the strategies will become a success, but at least an enterprise to evaluate the plan been done in order to minimize the risk. Thus, Malaysia Airlines need to study a proper and the best strategies that can help them in realizing their goal and objectives.3.3 International Strategy and GlobalizationGlobalization is a worldwide issue where customers needs and wants are being standardized. It can cause positive and negative effect on any organization depending on how they cope and make use of the globalization itself as an advantage to them. For instance, the globalization on fuel price, landing fees and aircraft spare part prices are now standardized accordingly. Butluckily Malaysia Airlines have their own resou rces for these three needs where they have their own aircraft maintenance subsidiary company and support from Malaysia government.In marketing their product, Malaysia Airlines can use its global brand name to maximize marketing efficiency. For this reason, Malaysia Airlines should use this opportunity to expand their wing in the international market. Nonetheless, Malaysia Airlines also need to be aware and choose the discipline strategy if they want to penetrate the market.4.0 STRATEGY effectuationWell plan strategies are not going to work well with an organization if its implemented inadequately. In acquire success in implementing the strategies, Malaysia Airlines need to increase their efficiency in communication, managing their resources and improve their employees morale. Leadership also playsits manipulation in making Malaysia Airlines to gain success in implementing the strategies. Therefore, all the staff in Malaysia Airlines should work together in realizing the strategi es to become reality.4.1 Strategic LeadershipThe leader is the only one that can determine the future of any company. Without them, the chances of any company to collapse and shatter will be high. That is because the needs of a leader in a company affect the path of the company whether it can generate income and be victorious or it can only make profit losses and bankruptcy in the end. Not a lot of people can be a great leader but everyone can have the traits of a leader which are visionary, urge on and induce their followers to achieve success.It can be said that Malaysia Airlines leading has weaknesses in scenario planning that causes market share and revenue losses. For this reason, leadership of Malaysia Airlines should apply the vision trait in order to cope with changes and for the sake of the company continuity. When leaders are able to pro the vision trait, it will be easier for them to collaborate, motivate, trust, and mutuality amongst their staff. Plus, the coordina tion and path of Malaysia Airlines will be in the same direction of achieving common objectives that may lead Malaysia Airlines to a biggerindustry.Malaysia Airlines is now operating in a competitive environment. So, the vision of leadership cant be sluggish. Leader task is not just dealings with external factors but also playing an important map on observing employees attitude. Therefore, a leader should know and oblige to inspire and motivate employees if theyre lacking with something that will affect the vision of the company. Giving the employees rewards are the best thing to do in making the company vision to become a reality.Leader needs to be proactive in handling situation. The needs of keeping the vision on the right track and the same time observe its progress is necessary so that Malaysia Airlines will be more prepare in enduring and responding towards the changes that come. Moreover, democratic leader is important where the leaders itself can put themselves with the employees and pass on with the employees. Encouragement and understanding can be developing with the employees if any conflict happen and then settle together as a team. By doing this, the work rate and performance of Malaysia Airlines will improve and in the end will increase the profit and maximizes the resources that they have.4.2 Change ManagementCompetitiveness in airlines industry has become fiercer than before. Due to that, Malaysia Airlines should be ready to embrace and adapt to changes in order to compete in the market. In achieving this, Malaysia Airlines should improve their state variability management. This is because every state division especially in Sarawak is having trouble with the competitiveness from low cost airlines such as Air Asia and the new low cost airline, Malindo Air. Therefore, Malaysia Airlines should take a strategic change to their state division in coping with the external environment. execrable leadership has been one of many factors that cost t heir profit losses and customer loyalty. By implying a proper marketing strategy, Malaysia Airlines will be able to challenge the local airline industry. Adding to that, improvement in every managing structure in each state division is amust since the capabilities and set of skills of each employee can be noncurrent under some circumstances. Thus, changes and improvements are needed in order to comply with customers needs and achieving goals.4.3 Role of Systems splendid plan strategies wont work unless leaders and human resources play their role in implementing the strategies.4.3.1 organisational StructureOrganizational structure is a fundamental that can affect the strategy implementation. Effective use of labor by giving specific task can contribute an advantage in competing in the industry. In general, the four organizational structures are functional, divisional, entrepreneurial and matrix.Malaysia Airlines are now using divisional structure to conduct their corporate parenting by dividing resources in each division. It is essential for them in order to gain profit. Using this structure, Malaysia Airlines are change the power of making decision to each division and that give a clearer goal to the employees to achieve. Nevertheless, the plentiful number of divisions will cost a lot and sharing of intimacy will be lesser. To respond to that, Malaysia Airlines should manage all the division under one command center by using network structure and all the information gathered need to be genic to headquarter.4.3.2 Organizational ProcessMalaysia Airlines organizational processes are of consist of entrepreneurial and competence- create. In entrepreneurial process, employees will bemotivated by delegating some tasks to them that of course will increase their field of view and efficiency compared to fixed control. In building competency, employee differences of capabilities will be given a specific task to them in order to gain trust amongst the Malaysia Airli nes and the employees itself. By implementing this, a more proactive and efficient manpower can be produced in the process of achieving the goals.4.3.3 Strategic Control SystemsIn improving the employees performance and at the same time retaining their performance, control and reward systems are a must. Well rewarded employees undoubtedly will perform very well. By implementing this, Malaysia Airlines can manage to deliver consistent services to their customers. Plus, motivated work force sure enough will lead Malaysia Airlines to gain profit. As a result of that, employees that perform with chastity and if the satisfaction towards their job are high, the luck of staying longer with Malaysia Airlines are also high. Thus, this will surely eliminate the cost of aspect for new employees.Malaysia Airlines as corporate parent also need to use control and reward system in order to increase the motivation of the employees to achieve goals that being set. By means of giving them reward based on their performance, the employees inclination of an orbit of performing at their best most likely will be high. By doing this, a more standardize employee performance can be achieved. In addition, controlling the employees is not necessarily being strict with them but being understanding is the superior option to choose where employees automatically will increase their work rate that will lead Malaysia Airlines to compete vigorously in the industry.4.3.4 Corporate GovernanceCorporate authorities is where business is managed for the shareholder according to the right and wishes of the stakeholder. It is also where an organization is responsible for the stakeholders interest in the organization itself. Corporate government activity ensures that the stakeholderreceives something in the forms of money or others.Malaysia Airlines should take the approach in implementing what they want to do to the stakeholder so that the stakeholder will feel secure. Openness with stakeholder is a must where companys finance and planmust be share to win their trust. Any decisionsare made by Malaysia Airlines can affect stakeholder trust. Hence, leadership and management of the organization are responsible in balancing the needs of stakeholders. Finally, a more synchronize and efficient corporate governance is necessary in planning strategies which can fit the organizational structure that in the endgetting control of the market. mop upStrategic management is very important for every organisation. Small organisation to teras organisation requires strategic management to expand and improve their managing ability. Adding to that, it can also help them to compete in the industry where all the strategies can be used to cope with the industry competitiveness itself. Strategic analysis, scenario planning, PEST and SWOT analysis, Porter five forces, strategic formulation, strategic implementation and other strategies are important to imply within the organization. Not just for the sake of getting profit, but also for long term future. All of the strategies mentioned above can help Malaysia Airlines to increase their profits and cover their losses.Not just that, the strategies also can help dealing with the external factors such as competitors, policies, and most importantly the internal environment itself. Efficiency, cost saving and opportunity exploitation can be achieved if the strategies are carried out with proper planning. In conclusion, strategic management are not just a strategy but it can make as a stepping stone to achieve success where it can be used to analyze strengths and weaknesses that surely will put Malaysia Airlines at great advantages.ReferencesAnsoff, I. (1965), corporate Strategy, McGraw-Hill, New York. annual Report 2011. 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