Jfk Inaugural Address Essay

John F. Kennedys Inaugural Speech rhetorical Analysis. On January 20th of 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy gave his inaugural speech in take care of thousands, while millions were watching on television. He was sworn into office as the thirty fifth president of the United States of America. In his speech, JFK uses rhetorical synopsis to persuade the audience, which was filled with a lot of different ethnicities. First, John F. Kennedy uses ethos in his speech.Because he gave his speech in the cold, on an rimed day says a lot astir(predicate) him as a person, better yet a president. He delivered his speech in the cold, on a very icy day, the speech couldve been postponed but he decided otherwise, which shows that he is willing do to whatever for his country. He also uses ethos by mentioning immortal. By mentioning God and explaining that God is important in his life, he is making himself seem trustable and relatable. He relates to a greater extent to the Christ based community by m entioning his faith.Because it was extremely cold outside, he made his speech short. His speech was short but it wasnt ineffective. By his speech being short because of the weather, that also helps establish ethos because it shows that he cared about the audience. Also in this speech, JFK uses a lot of emotion (pathos). He tells his audience that they will gravel a say so in the country. He used pathos by making the audience believe that they have a role in this country.

Somebody’s Mother Analysis

Somebodys Mother, by bloody shame Dow Brine, is basically round more or lessbodys have. The title of this poetry implies that you will probably be watching about a stimulate and what she does. When you speculate of a mother, you think of a fair sex maybe in her thirties with kids who ar close to age five done nine, and possibly not afraid of anything you curb at her. Thats what is expected of a mother right? The outset two lines of this poem imply the physical features of the mother. She is bent with the chill of passs day, meaning that she is probably frail.Then we key out out her feet ar decrepit and slow, telling us again shes old and frail. We also get hold out that shes alone. She is standing near a crossing and postponement to cross, tout ensemble afraid to do so. No one tries to help her in any sort of way or even looks at her. Its like shes invisible. The next ten lines are about virtually school male childs who are shoveling snow and also passing her b y as sound as some carriages passing in the street causing the fair sex not to cross. Suddenly, one of the schoolboys comes along and helps her cross the street.The adult female is not at all scared by the boy. The boy then goes back to his friends and tells them that if his mother was in need that he hopes they would help her. The last few lines are about the woman praising God about how adorely and manikin the boy was to her. This poem has few meanings to it, but they are deep in connotation. When the woman is standing at the cross notch unable to go, and scared that she dexterity adhere run over if she does, that represents something in our lives. We want to do something, but there are obstacles in our way.For instance, if someone is meddling and searching for a job and just doesnt get one because of things hazard in their life, then they are standing at the cross passing unable to cross. Also, the woman in the poem wants to cross the street, but it might be because she is too scared. We all have days where we want to do something but we are too scared. Even if its killing a spider But there are more difficult things, like maybe asking someone to marry you but you just stick outt find the nerve. Finally, when the boy comes to help the woman across the street, he symbolizes the help we have in our life.We have bad days, but we get through and through them based on support and charge. Even if we are having a bad year, our family, friends and colleagues get us through it. That is what this poem is mainly about, the square off that others have on us to give us a pocketable push and a helping hand. The attitude of this poem is sorrowful, joyful, and inspiring. At first, the poem sounds a bit depressing, but when school gets out, you get a lilliputian more hopeful. When the boy comes to help the old woman, he is described as the gayest laddie of all the group.When you read that particular line you instantaneously know this boy is bubbly and fu ll of joy. Then when the boy helps the woman across the street, you know he is a man of a steadying sort and would do anything to help if someone was in need. This poem starts sad, but then it completely shifts to a joyful and helpful point of view. You read about an old woman at a cross walk unable to cross the street, and how her physical features are very old. But then, some boys come out of school and you start to get interested.Then u gull that one of the boys is the bubbliest one of his troop and you want to know how he fits in with the poem. The poem just shifted from helpless and sad, to hopeful and thankful. Then, the boy reaches out to the woman and wants to help her across the street and that implies a helpful shift. Helpless, sad, and thankful, and hopeful are completely different shifts, but the words are all a part of the poem. The main bag of this poem is that if you were the woman standing there alone at the crossing, and people were passing you by, how would you feel?Afraid, worried, or hesitant? These few words describe what the woman is probably going through when people are passing her and not even sharing a glance with her. Shes invisible, and no one cares about her. Another theme is when you are going through tough times, you could always use a helping hand to get through it. The woman was waiting at the crossing and didnt have the nerve to cross the street, because she needed guidance to do so. Everyone needs a helping hand every erst in awhile.When the boy came and helped the woman, she wasnt even afraid that a extraterrestrial being walked up to her and asked her to cross the street And after that, she went home and praised god for that boy who helped her This is something that happens in our lives a good number of times. We are scared to do something and someone helps us through it. The prediction in the title was entirely wrong, but thats what probably popped into some peoples heads The woman is not at all in her thirties, nor did she have kids that were ages five through nine.The woman in the poem would probably be scared if something was thrown at her, like a hard task. But in the end, mothers are still mothers. They have kids who they usually love and would do anything they can to not hurt their children, and thats what the woman in the poem is like. At the end of the day, Somebodys Mother, By Mary Dow Brine is about an old woman who cant find the nerve to cross the street. But when a bubbly boy comes to the rescue, she is incomplete scared nor worried, and she praises God that the boy is somebodys son with pluck and joy.

Nostalgia

A Universal Feeling How mevery propagation have you reminisced on a trusted computer storage and It al some mat up Like you were there again? You could face, see, and plane taste that exact moment. These memories ar always triggered by something, but you are not entirely certain what. You are overcome with a thirst for that moment in succession and the memory is so fond that you cant help but sense of touch firm inside. Nostalgia is the sentimental immenseing felt when reminiscing on the ult.It is not a feeling of melancholia but more of a bittersweet sentimentality for what once was. Nostalgia has been wide used to describe many notations but has Just recently been special to describe a positive experience. The word nostalgia was first coined in the seventeenth century. The term was used to describe the medical conditions of Swiss mercenaries who longed to return home. Nostalgia presently became a name for a disease whos symptoms included fainting, high fever, last pain, and even death.By the late 19th century nostalgia was discarded as a medical condition and recognized as a form of melancholia and a mentally repressive disorder. Now nostalgia has a positive meaning. It Is classified as the term to describe the exact feeling felt when thinking of past memories. Nostalgia does have a positive effect on an individual. The Oxford English mental lexicon defines nostalgia as sentimental longing for a period of the past. Merriam- Webster Dictionary says is it joyfulness and sadness that is caused by recalling something from the past and wishing that you could experience it again.The most common synonyms used when referring to nostalgia are sentimentality and yearning. The important things about these definitions are the positive tones they all have. Many people have experienced nostalgia at some point in their action, whether that be a nod memory from childhood or a strong feeling of homesickness. Many of these beaming memories even trigger an euphoric feeling that takes you back to that certain fanny or time. These overall feelings countenance a sense of comfort when flavour gets difficult.Young adults find that reminiscing on past memories has helped them smoothly transition into major life changes such as moving away from home. Nostalgia has been proven to counteract boredom, perplexity, and even solitariness. When things are especially difficult in different aspects of my life I find that I begin to feel lonely. Loneliness has always been a horrible feeling to cope with because there is nothing more disoriented than feeling like you dont have anyone. With that loneliness I start to question the continuity of my life.Why am I not friends with that person anymore? What am I supposed to be doing with my life? At this point in my life everything Is changing and there isnt a stable thing that grow me to reality except for my memories. On the days that I feel anxiety or loneliness I always think of a certain memory that brings me back to a happier time. The memory Is always the same, but I can feel It better than I remember It. I remember the way the alarm feels a room window and noticing how the sun isnt kinda as high as it normally is.I remember the exact smell of the cinnamon candle that my mom starts burning every fall. This memory has no actual significance but somehow it gets rid of all the loneliness I feel and makes me feel continuity and optimism instead. Nostalgia itself does not involve any feelings of melancholia. The literal act of nostalgia is to recall a memory that is fond to you in some way. The purpose of remembering past memories is to relate them to now to provide the sense of nonentity that you need to maintain a comforting relief when life changes..The experience of nostalgia is positive the aftermath is not. Nostalgia is often confused with repellent feelings because of the longing that occurs when remembering a great experience from your past. But that longing is no t an overall bad emotion it is just a varan of all the positive things that once were. The term nostalgia has come a long way since it days of an actual medical condition to its description of a positive emotion. It is important to remember that nostalgia is not only Just a positive emotion but a positive experience.

Bullet in the Brain” by Tobias Woolf Essay

In Bullet in the principal (1995), Tobias Woolf conveys the story of a man named Anders, a book critic, who experiences one(a) final memory after being shot in the head by edge robbers. The story begins with Anders entering a Bank in the oddment hours and criticising the long lines and bad service. Then, two camber robbers hold up the bank and end up shooting Anders in the head for his arrogant behavior. Woolf thusly goes on to explain his last memory as he is last from his wounds. The bank robbers dialogue is important. The contrastive ways that Wolff depicts the Robbers dialogue greatly influences the tone of the story. Wolffs way of using peculiar responses from the bank robbers is almost like a death trap for the critical Anders. He d ars to taunt the robbers and makes ironic remarks on their usage of words. Hey Bright boy Did I tell you to talk.. Did you hear that. Bright boy. Right issue of the killers(Anders202). Anders finds their words classifiable enough that he needs to make a comment to the highest degree it. By ignoring what the robbers do and set up he makes the s keep worse as the robbers start to lose their head because of him.A loathsome robber is much(prenominal) more(prenominal) dangerous than a calmed one and Anders would consider this but he does non. He doesnt realize that he just put the large number in danger as well as himself, even when he was asked to be quiet by a cleaning lady next to him. The woman is aware of the seriousness of the situation unlike Anders and tries to save her and maybe the others bearing as well. A person who does not take care of a dangerous situation is foolish but in this case Anders does not take care of the others safety as well and considers the criticism more important than the states life around him. Wolff as well as brings out a humorous tone with the robbers dialogue. He uses explicit words that make up readers a more vivid image of the robbers personalities. The words let readers get a sense of the persona they have. In one scene the Wolff writes, You like me, bright boy?..You want to suck my rooster(202). Obviously, this shows the robber has a childish theatrical role of humor.One can also say this type of humor is more consistent with someone childlike rather than an older person. Instead of Wolff explaining the characteristics of the robbers, he lets the readers figure it outthemselves. Wolff gives unretentive detail about the characteristics of the robber. The ammoniac smell coming out of his blab out gives a sense that he is under the influence of some type of drug. His twitching eye rather reveals that he is just extremely nervous or he is just high on drugs. Lastly, The way the robbers credit the people inside the bank is important to the topic. It brings out the aggressive tone. It was a good way to act like professional robbers and make people think if they try to be a hero in this situation they will beshot. One of you tellers hit the alarm , youre all d.o.a. meat. Got it? (201). The robbers uses really demanding words to terrorize the people. They are also able to take down the security and put him on his knees.This strategy not only when takes down the banks best line of defense, but it also lets the customers and workers acknowledge that they bastardly business and will hurt somebody that gets in their way. Nobody thinks they are a hero and can break up three or more people especially if they are holding guns in their pass so this tactic works very well except that Anders is at that place. Anders is there and makes them really adrenalized as he also makes the situation more dangerous. Anders behavior is clearly blameable for the actions taken by the robbers. The aggressive tone did not even pass through Anders mind and he did not waver to make a remark.His own happiness and joy in decision imperfectness in everything led to his downfall. It would be very reasonable to say the Anders triggered his own downfall but the robbers style of communicating also burn the situation. Anders criticizes everything and the style of talking that the robbers conversate with was clearly distinctive enough for Anders to have a comment about it. Their dialogue provoked Anders. Who knows if there would have been a different approach of conversating from the robbers, then the story could have had a different ending.There will be no happy end for this story and Anders deportment adds oil to the fire and make him responsible for his own death.

Larry Ellison Essay

Lawrence Joseph Larry Ellison is a co-finder of Oracle Corporation. Its one of the worlds leading enterprise software company. As of 2012 he is considered one of the wealthiest men alive, with a net worth of $41 Billion.His Early YearsLarry Ellison was born in Manhattan, New York City. His mother, Florence Spellman, was an un-married 19-year-old of Jewish women, and his dumbfound was an Italian American U.S. Air Force pilot. After Larry Ellison was born he was very sick with pneumonia at the nine months, his mother realized that she was otiose to care for him anymore, and arranged for him to be choose by her aunt and uncle in Chicago. Lillian Spellman Ellison and Louis Ellison adopted him when he was nine months old. Lillian was the second wife of Louis Ellison, an immigrant. Larry Ellison did not befitting his biological mother again until he was 48. Ellison grew up in a two-bedroom apartment in Chicagos South Shore bourgeoisie Jewish neighborhood. Louis, his adoptive father, w as an government employee who had made a small helping in Chicago real estate, he lost it during the Great Depression. Larry was a very intelligent young man, he unfortunately had to leave because his adopted mother (his aunt) passed away. After her passing Ellison went to Northern California to attend University of Chicago. In 1964, he moved to Northern California permanently.His CareerDuring the 1970s, Ellison worked for Ampex Corporation. Ellison was inspired by the paper written by Edgar F. Codd on database systems called A Relational copy of Data for Large Shared Data Banks. In 1977, he founded software Development Laboratories. In 1979, the company was renamed Relational Software Inc. later it was named Oracle. In 1994, Informix took over Sybase and became Oracles most important rival. In April 1997, Informix announced a major decrease in their earnings Phil White before long landed in jail, and Informix was again get downn over by IBM in 2001. Also in 1997, Ellison was m ade a director of Apple calculator after Steve Jobs came back to the company.Ellison resigned in 2002. In April 2009, Oracle announced its drift to buy Sun Microsystems. On August 9, 2010, Ellison let Hewlett-Packards senesce go for firing CEO Mark Hurd .Ellison and Hurd are close private friends. On September 6, Oracle hired Mark Hurd and made him Co-President. Ellison refused to take the CEO position. Ellison owns stakes in Salesforce.com, NetSuite, Quark Biotechnology Inc. and Astex Pharmaceuticals. On June 20, 2012 it was report that Ellison had agreed to buy the 98 percent of the Hawaiian island of Lanai. The price was inform to be between $500 million and $600 million

Tale of Two Coaches

Running Head statement of devil riges and Leadership Tale of cardinal educate-and-foures and Leadership Randal J. Reutzel Grand Canyon University LDR 600 October 27, 2011 arise coaching and drawship seem to be synonymous with each other, in that if youre a high caliber passenger car you must be a capacious principal sumer, how else would you have achieved your success. While coaching in the NCAA fragment 1 hoops the goal is to profit national championships, while to a fault being a mentor to your students.Bobby Knight is a great b studyetball legend at Indiana, with a past of outrageous un acceptable air to the fans and to tenderers, while also having one of the best collegiate says of all time. charabanc Krzyzewski was also a great coach, was mentored by coach Knight and went on to be a legend at Duke. baby buggy Ks appearance of coaching was less dramatic and more heartfelt in his attempt. rail Ks was concerned for his pretenders flavorings and his air of motivating his players centered on less dramatizations on and saturnine the court. ii Coaches were successful one got into the places of its players finished coercive intimidation to be the best, the other through caring, talking and high aims of charge. Which coach is best depends on whom you ask and what perspective of coaching lead vogue you prefer, or it could be a generational time difference or simply opposite ports that grazeed and produced results. Tale of Two Coaches and Leadership Leaders through time have on many occasions aligned their leaders styles to the great coaches either in the NFL or NBA.Does being a great coach and the techniques customd by coaches translate into what leaders or managers should be leading employees by? Two great coaches with NCAA basketball championships, one mentored by the other, can have very(prenominal) diametric approaches and still perk up the results require, winning seasons along with students who went on to great career s and have great respect for their mentors and coaches. Coach Bobby Knight light-emitting diode his police squads through his transactionhip from a base of power. In the article from ESPN by mike Puma, Knight was known for his broadsheets against players, referees and reporters as puff up as his brilliance to win games.Knight led his teams with arrant(a) manoeuver and nobody was second guessing his decisions, if they did it was with great bout. He may have wanted to resolve the conflict just it was going to be on his terms. Knight led his teams with complete manipulate from his position as the head of the team. He demanded certain expectations and rewarded this with play time or with sharp reprimands and punishment. His style was that of a managerial share, he demanded respect in that he held the position of power and he simply would be the master of activities and routines and this would influence players and the ultimate outcome. Northouse, 2010) Coach Knight led his teams with a history of demanding on others what he could not accomplish as a player. He developed a pattern of coercion that was present even off the court, by assaulting police during the Pan Am games or throwing chairs across courts. (Northouse, 2010) Coach Krzyzewski or K led his teams through his relations from a base of personal power, with no mistake he was the head coach. Coach K was mentored as a player and assistant coach for the legions under Coach Bob Knight.Although Coach K went into the military, he was not of military mind, and this may have latter influenced his leaders traits. He dreamed of being a teacher not a military officer. (Bob Carter) What he learned from Knight was it took an unbelievable furor to be a leader, not Knights antics that enthrone him into trouble more often than not. Coach K lead his teams and to championships through his role as a leader by inspiring and energizing the team, taking ownership in their actions. Grant pitcher say coach K ha d a way of making commonwealth totally vested in the decision-making process, and that is what make him a great leader. Bob Carter) Traits of Coaching and Leadership both(prenominal) coaches had proper(postnominal) traits that lead them to success, although one coachs traits also lead to his demise while the other coach realize the passion requisite and channeled his leadership spirit into more socially acceptable patterns. Coach Knight and Coach K were twain intelligent and knew the talented structure of creating and leading great basketball teams. They demonstrated the ability to enamour talent and use that talent in opposite ways against diametrical teams to win games and championships.Early in twain(prenominal) coaches careers they knew what they wanted and what careers they wanted to pursue. To get to their end means of coaching they played the sport, learned from others and when through college level training. All of the training, and along the way making mistakes, they gained the confidence within themselves and gained self-esteem and self-assurance that they could make a difference. Coach Knight was devoted the opportunity through the army as a coach to demonstrate his style of leadership was the correct one.Coach K through the army was given the education, with his passion of basketball and mentoring from Coach Knight gained the self confidence to plough what he wanted to be, a teacher and a coach. Determination for both coaches was that they wanted to be winners, leaders, and be a part of nearlything great. Early in Coach Knights career even he give tongue to that he but offered indentured servitude and unlimited practice. Early in Coach Ks career he was not an outstanding coach others did call up in him and he gained self confidence with good players at Duke.Coach K again is quoted he learned from Knight the passion and amount of preparation it takes to be successful. (Bob Carter) Integrity is the ability of a leader to live and l ead with some principles and take responsibility for their actions. The ability to have got integrity should build confidence in your team. Integrity is probably where the two coaches leave separate their styles of leadership. Coach Knight through the years did several(prenominal) things to damage that integrity, through his actions in Panama or ways he de rank assistant coaches or lecturing teams with the use of props of begrime toilet paper.There were many times where his actions did not represent the role which he was given and he made little effort to change over unless he was forced. Coach K built much of what he was on his integrity he stuck up for his players many times. Once his team was graded by the student paper, it was the fact that the paper portrayed the players as instruments of entertainment and ego indulgence this infuriated the coach, which he later apologized. What Coach K stood for was a caring, communication and trust within the team, and that was what he wa nted for the full-length student body, and why his fan base was so strong.The last distinguished trait style of leadership is the ability for a leader to stress out good pleasant social relationships. The leader should be mentation of as friendly, outgoing, courteous, tactful and diplomatic. Coach Knight, I believe, started out his career with these traits as he had to, through time, over confidence and ego caused him to lose close to of these traits. People would say if you only know him like I do, merely it was reported that he was known to be rude, defiant and hostile. (Bob Carter) Coach K on the other hand was exponentially known for his trait as having social leadership skills.He said you have to feel what your players feel in order to be a leader. A former player and now a coach Quin Snyder said that you give up ego to be a part of something special. (Bob Carter) Ego can and will get in the way of great social ability to lead a team and be a part of a team. Coach K has b een and will be remember for his greatness, he possessed the approximately complete set of the 5 trait characteristics of a leader and it made him more accomplished and respected. Coach Knight lacked in the traits and his ego, gruntle, integrity came prickle to haunt him.He may be remembered more for his antics on and off the court than his record wins or development of players. The Three Skills of Coaching success The three skills that are needed for success as a leader according to our practice session from Robert Katz and Michael D. Mumford are Technical, Human and Conceptual. Through the levels of management different emphasis is required from each to be a great leader. In the situation of the coaches, they needed to possess top management skills where human and abstract skills place more important than the technical aspects of the game of basketball.In the readings, both coaches knew the technical aspects of the game and surrounded themselves with knowledgeable assistance s. Coach Ks emphasis was the human and conceptual aspects of his team and his responsibility to the school and its students. His kids needed to feel a part of something great and bigger than themselves and togetherness, this was demonstrated when coach K handed team phone numbers out and boost freshman to use them. (Mike Puma) Coach Knight demonstrated skills for the technical and conceptual skills he had an ability to always figure out the best approach to win games against many different teams.Coach Knight is on record for being the youngest coach ever to win 600 games. He struggled with the ability to wee-wee with people that did not match his style or demands of doing merely everything his way. He continually abused players and assistant coaches, while also getting in trouble in foreign countries. Leadership Grid Comparison The leadership grid from chapter 4, developed by Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton, is basically a grid of different leadership styles with the two axis x horizontal measure is ground for results and y- vertical is ground on concern for people.I believe from the reading that coach K and Knight developed strong leadership styles ground on one premise for winning, or results. What they did was go about doctrine and leading the teams differently to attain those results. Coach K moved his leadership style almost as he needed to according to the require of players or the team. Based on his style he concentrated his style in the middle of the road, trying to balance the need to get field done and the team needs, but he strongly styled his effort in the direction of team management by surrounding his team with pull members and built relationships of trust and respect.Coach Knight directed his leadership style more as an authority-compliance manager. He expected things to be done his way, and everyone well-nigh him to carter to his needs, whether that was good for personal development or not. The win, and only the win, was what nee ded to breathe and he stepped and p pitifuled through anyone and by any controversial tirade he had to get there. He even said in an converse that if youre being raped to lay back and enjoy it. I believe this was his way of saying to the interviewer about his tantrums which everyone just needed to put up with him.When he goes wild he wants to not be held accountable for his actions and for everyone to shut up. (Mike Puma) Contingency Model for Coaches The question presented were both coaches matched to their situation based on the puzzle developed by Fred Edward Fiedler described as the mishap mode? I think the answer is both yes and no. The styles of leadership in this model are described as being a task motivated or relationship motivated leadership. From the reading both coaches were winning coaches, they both used different approaches to get the results.In this model Coach K was high on leader-member, but with strong tasks, and did this without enforcing his positional pow er. Coach K did well with this leadership style at Duke University. Coach Knight was more task structured, the requirements were clear and spelled out and Knight controlled everything around him. When things got out of his control, people and team mates suffered and things did not go well for the coach. This goes against the model in some aspects in that if youre out of control the task relationship should work out better for this type of leader, but there are flaws in the model.This works well for someone with specific tasks like fixing a part or cleaning a sink. In the situation of coach Knight it was more ambiguous in the tasks that needed to be accomplished. He could not deal with ambiguity and his temper showed as he took it out on other people and team members. (Northouse, 2010) Situational Leadership II The two coaches showed evidence from both readings that they practiced some level of situational leadership. Coach K demonstrated that he stood up for his players and they kne w they could trust him.When he gave the ball to Laettner to stuff a basket in the concluding seconds to win a championship he knew he had the skills and would get the craft done. He wanted to win for the team not for himself and even said once, did you see their faces and how happy they are. (Bob Carter) Coach K led his team by the skills that the team had he did not change them, he developed them. Coach Knight, I believe, also led teams by development and using skills in the appropriate areas. He did it in a fashion of sheer work and drive to hone the skill in each person to exactly the perfection he wanted.When he did not get it or model they were not giving enough, there were consequences for all around. Coach Knight was low on the supportive and directive behavior quadrant I do not think he felt comfortable or self-assured to manage from that perspective. (Northouse, 2010) He excelled from the more comfortable leadership position S2 with only fringes of S1 or S3, unless they were extremely successful. Path-Goal Theory The path-goal theory of leadership is by intellect and leading people through enhancing performance and satisfaction and then direction on what motivates them.For both coaches and for the entire player, the goal was to win games and that is what everyone wants. two coaches had to go out and get potential players and those player and coaches began a dialogue on what both wanted and how they were going to achieve it. I believe that players that were coached by Knight knew his style and methods that he used to win games. Even straightaway people say you dont know him like we do, mean his methods to them were acceptable. Likewise, Coach K went out to get players and they knew what he was like and his methods.The players chose to go with the perspective school and accepted them based on learned knowledge. Both coaches led their players in a fashion that was in an achievement-oriented style to affect their highest potential for the best ou tcome winning games. The players with the desire of orthogonal venue of control probably liked Coach K style of leadership. The external locus of control the subordinate likes to feel more in control of their destiny and maybe take part in the decisions this would be a part of something special with players and Coach K.Coach Knight was a master leader and coach, in control of everything external locus of control players would believe more outside forces are in control. Directive leadership would be best for these types of players as they like the idea of someone taking control. Both teams coached by either Knight or Krzyzewski demonstrated the task characteristics as both coaches and players needed to be able to perform on the blast during a game with independence as things happen fast.Both coaches needed their teams to function on their own with a high degree of confidence. They would use the skills taught to them to win the game. References Northouse, P. (2010). Leadership T heory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage Publications Bob Carter, Krzyzewskiville, ESPN Classic. From http//www. espn. go. com/ undefiled/biography/s/Krzyzewski_Mike. html Mike Puma, Knight Known for titles, temper, ESPN Classic. From http//espn. go. com/ incorrupt/biography/s/Knight_Bob. html

Human experience and moral Essay

To concoct that it is human experience and moral values that will stand firm unendingly and remained un varyd, and the growth of human conscience further awakens to a newer and amend prox experiences atomic number 18 non dropped to mere past rather they be pursue a recollection and a refraction to a discovery of new you. The doorsill non just a big wooden barrier to the incoming of our house plainly also an explosion to my emotions. Goodbyes were being said as happy birthdays? It was confusion that began to consume my mind and heart as my p arnts walked emerge the door not knowing when I will see them again.Excitement, felicity and joyfulness flowing along my blood as I began to stimulate I am alone and everything my eyes spotted belonged to me. Heaven was the elect word by my desensitized numbness mind. However, a feeling of guilt make this question interrupt my sights, Do I have the chasten to have intercourse this joyful moment of being alone, knowing that my fath er is going for a battle for his survival? As I was climbing the stair outcome to regain my nest, where all the gatherings and the devious planning of comfortably times were held, I ignored my feeling of guilt and the purpose of my fathers move and I started thinking, HeyLet the fun start up Little was my knowledge roughly fate and alternative. To the very least, I only knew their denotations. What happened to my father was neither his choice nor of the family but certainly a expectation and for what chance it was, I did not know and did not strive to know. I saw everything as a pure chance. With parents away and no exact time when to be station it was a real chance to own my time a chance to go party everyday, stay up late, go to school late, and overleap classes, neglecting the fact that along chances are series of choices and the interplay of the two alongside my intercession determines the quality of my life.I allowed myself to be fully consumed with the false joll ification of life. Partying with friends was a gauge for fulfillment. Shouts and yells became the expression of being fully alive. I was unmindful of my pappa who was into a different tone of shouting and yelling for pain and survival. We were at the opposite poles on the single line of human feeling. Instead of arrival out, I moved away. Going to parties everyday meant staying up late at night. It resulted to going to school late and even skipping classes and the catch ones breath was a worse, if not worst, history of an irresponsible student and woman.The chain effects of my single unrecognized and unmeditated act delivered me to a world of guilt and shame and if nourished by pride, I will be lured forever into false happiness. I messed up my life Where am I to start? Where do I begin? Never can a plant, young or not, die when its branches are cut. Roots have to be found and up subsideed. The same is true with my case. What is the root of my insensitivity to my familys case? Ce rtainly, it wasnt around going to party, mooring and skipping classes, etc. It was about how I viewed and dealt with whats going on around.It was about having certain chances and making the right choices where decision making, anticipating, and understanding come in. veritable enough, it is only when I failed and committed defects that I came to realize had I thought things over and anticipated before acting, I wouldnt be this unfavorable and guilty, and had I thought that I have the choice to do what is right and not act on emotional satisfaction and childishness, I wouldnt be messing my life this way and made my parents disappointed. My life is a chance and how I live it is a choice its quality is in my hands. How should I live it?Wherever you go the sky will ceaselessly be blue. This line rang a bell to my ear. Certain things around are given for what they are and neither you nor I have the power to change them. And life is not about changing what we cannot but moving towa rds what is, for the exclusively humanity, true and therefore unchangeable. The truth is, what is true and unchangeable aims for what is good and what is good surpasses any age, color, time, gender, religion, and whatever differences we have. The whole existence of life should be say towards doing good, and its meaning is not our own selfish definition but the one true word LOVE.It was sad to admit that I was not excuse for failing to recognize what good I should have make that very moment of my life, but it would be bitter if I overcompensate to dwell in that past and live miserably. While I did that mistake of falling into that dark pit of human existence, I will always have the choice of going out and live life on the banner of goodness and all I need is the staff of trouble and discrimination to continue living and making the right choices for every chances that come my way.To remember that it is human experience and moral values that will last forever and remained unchang ed, and the growth of human conscience further awakens to a newer and better future, I will always, not just remember, do good for the rest of my life. Merge the whole of myself in my eyes, and go towards the vision, go towards the vision, go towards the vision.

Role of Islam in Economic Develpoment

planetary Ataturk-Alatoo Univer mouldy Role of Islam in Economic Development D unmatched Aizhamal ZHUMALIEVA checked Ibragim KONCAK 2012 cloy Introduction. 1 Statistics and Trends2 Economics of Wealth coevals . 3 Moslem Merchants5 Moslem law of personality and Economic proceeds6 Moslem Banking 6 Conclusion7 IntroductionResearchers exchangeable Huntington (1996), Landes (1999), and Inglehart and bread leadr (2000) wall that expla earths for stintingal reaping should go further to include a nations purification. Their argument absolutely demonstrates sense becaexercising culture coins mortalized traits much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as h unrivaledsty, thrift, volitioningness to work hard, and clear-cutness to stranges, which consequently functions stinting forthcomes. confidence is idea to be one of the most Copernican dimensions of culture. Thus weber (1930) argued that spectral practices and beliefs had important consequences for economical d evelopment.Islam is no exception, bonny as David Landes, the Harvard economic historian, wrote in his book The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, No one abide enchant to it the economic performance of the Moslem nations with come in at consorting to the experience of Islam as faith and culture, In 10th century, which is kn protest as Golden develop for Islam, Moslem societies led the earth in science, philosophy, culture and prosperity. But bowly it came to the end, and Moslem countries go for huge lagged behind separate(a) countries. It is easy to narrow down with the wait on of analysis of current international fiscal tuition.Those data highlight the outstanding inequality in income between Christian ascendent and Muslim dominant countries. The richest countries in the military man ar those of Europe, North America, and East Asia. exclusively when a small number of Muslim countries approach to their income levels, and this is b arely referable to thei r inunct wealth. In me really of Muslim countries income appendage is low so that possibility is widening. Scholars be sure that it is non right coincidence scarcely Islam has signifi s elucidatet influence on economic ascents and descents. If it is so, what character reference does Islam play in economic performance? How does it affect economic advancement?What sp heres and industries does Islam influence? Is there any(prenominal) way to solve the paradox? The purpose of this paper is to repoint the relationship between Islam and economy and critique or so Moslem mechanisms that blow up the economic activity. The frontmost part of the paper suggests well-nigh statistical data that reflects universal image of economic state of Moslem countries. Next class defines the suffice of wealth generation and electric shock of Islam on slap-up, innovation, and literacy. After, Muslim transaction patterns be analyzed. Then Timur Kurans, well-known economist, arguments about economic effect of Islam atomic number 18 stated.And the break down part reviews Islamic financial institutions. Statistics and Trends Level of economic development, whether mensural by per capita income or variables give care trade, literacy, science, scholarship and technology, has long been pull down in the Islamic world than in Christian world, especially those of in West. present is one empirical data that advance this situation with income per capita being a mutualist variable. Table 1 is a retroversion model, which include 132 countries cover by the World Development root for 1995, shows that relationship exists between Islam and per capita income.In the first regression, freelance variable is the theatrical economic consumption of Muslim within full(a) universe, this regression evidences statistically satisfying negative relationship between two variables, nonwithstanding its lodge is poor. The second regression, which includes additional freelancer variable, has considerably better fit. social status in OPEC turns out to be a significant contributor to income, and localisation of function in Subsaharan Africa a passing significant depressor. The Muslim share of population form very significant negative de destinationinant of income.The model as well as reflects the circumstance that the African, South Asian, and East Asian countries with large Muslim minorities tend to be poorer than countries with Muslim majorities located in the Middle East. Table 1 The consanguinity between Islam and Per Capita Income (1) (2) Constant 3. 33 3. 55 Share Muslim -0. 41***(-2. 57) -2. 07****(-2. 87) Square Share Muslim 1. 76**(2. 29) OPEC Member 0. 42*(2. 20) Susaharan Africa -0. 67*****(-5. 77) R-squared 0. 4 0. 34 Notes 132 countries were included in the regression. Aste happens *, **, ***, ****, ***** denote importation at the 0. 03, 0. 2, 0. 01, 0. 005, and 0. 0000 levels, respectively. Following charts show the Muslim share of world-wide income and the share of global population. Income share is 5. 98 %, which is strikingly less than population share, which is 19. 22 %. jibe to this data we can assume that Muslims average income manifestly lower than of non-Muslims. In most of the countries, where Muslims live in large numbers, are in general poorer. And some impart deny this fact. To investigate how this outcome came up I will review the process of wealth creation and the role of Islam in this process. number 1 Economics of Wealth GenerationLevel of income in an economy is re tardily to the plenty of goods and services produced. The amount of this outturn in the long term is dogged by three ciphers the availableness and exploitation of natural imagery the touchstone of productive capacity in call of buildings, infrastructure, machinery plant and equipment and the availability, ability, upbringing and imagingfulness of the workforce. These factors of production are essential to income pro ducing capacities. Natural resource endowment fund of a country is a matter of circumstance, righteousness has no subject to do with availability of natural resource.Islamic countries, especially those in the Middle East are very lucky to take a shit oil wealth, the biggest contributor to Muslim economy. tangible resources further are man-made. The availability of these resources depends on assembly of sensual investiture in building construction, purchase of equipment and maintenance of the carnation of these assets. It is here that the culture and religion, Islam in particular, may play a role. In re view to reach sensible productive asset, what economists call capital, long process of planning, risk taking, vision and enterprise are required.Arthur Lewis (1955, 105) argued in his textbook on economic growing Some religions are to a greater extent compatible with economic growth than others. If religion stress upon material value, upon work, upon thrift and productive investment, upon honesty in technical relations, upon experimentation and risk bearing, and upon equality of opportunity, it will be useful to growth, whereas in so far as it is hostile to this things, it tends to inhibit growth. He did not provide the classifications of religion according to their shop for development.But other economists like Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza, and luigi Zingales did. They conducted a multinational set of surveys that covers sixty-six countries. In a work that appeared in the Journal of Monetary Economics, they noted that, on average, Christian religions are more positively associated with attitudes that are conductive to economic growth, while Islam is negatively associated. In comparison with people of other religion, Muslims were generally less addicted to jeer with pro-market statements such as Competition is good, private self-will of business sector an industry should be growth.It means that Muslims are not unstrained to adopt industria lization and modernization, without which creation of capital is just now workable. Report distinctly indicates that Islam fittedly discouraging economic development in terms of physical resources. The resembling opinion had Daniel (19958, 405) who wrote in his best-known work, The Passing of handed-down Society, that the top policy trouble, for three generations of Middle Eastern leaders, has been whether one must ask between Mecca or Mechanization or whether one can make them compatible. He ob coiffured that Islam was inimical to the structural changes essential to the Islamic worlds progress. Affirmatively Islam played very effective role in capital creation and obviously negative. So, if countrys aim was to develop, pickax would at long last get resolved in favor of mechanization. The triad factor of production is compassionate resource. This is not jus a matter of population. deal motivating to be educated and trained in order to make use of the physical capital. Religion may play a role here too maybe negative one.To the question whether Islam contributed to shaping the educational arranging that limited curiosity and innovation Lewis (1982, 229) answers in the affirmative. But how? Islam highly encourages education. It office occupy stemmed from the closure of the gate ijtihad, which meant end of emancipation of innovation, independent judgment, and that all answers were already available and needed merely to trace and obey. Treating Islamic learning as perfect tenseion helped support an educational clay that evince rot learning and memorization at the expense of problem solving.Granting that the reign educational scheme must bear limited immaterialness and innovation, it could deplete extinguished new ideas and the desire for change. This resulted in overwhelmingly untutored Muslim population. The scene has not changed a lot in present age either, series of reports for United Nations pointed out that adult literacy rate barely transcend fifty percent, which is disastrous for economic development. If there is no human resource who can tackle technology, machinery what are they needed for anyway?The disposition of progress is improvements in physical capital over time that deliver increased output for disposed amount of material and labor arousal high productivity. By labor meant highly educated and trained people, whom obviously lacks Muslim world. This knowledge deficit has severely impeded economic growth. virtuoso thing that I cannot skip is the attitude toward women in Islam. In Islam women are insufficient to men. Recent figures from the International Labor Organizations, published by world Bank, indicate that in the Middle East and North Africa, women comprise 28 % of the total labor force, whereas the world average is 40 %.As a group, these countries have the low female labor force participation in the world. ace of the worst figures is Saudi Arabia with 16%. This is reflection of cultural values regarding women in Muslim countries, values inseparable from religious values, which form following consequences. First, it decreases the boilersuit income of country. If women were striked in paid employment, increasing the labor force by 30%, additional contribution to national income would be around of 10%. Second, this demarcation reduces potential production.Third, it is associated with higher birth in these countries, which correspondingly per capita income growth rate. So, this Islamic wise about women contribute to relative poverty. Now, as we have obtained sufficient image on how Islam has influenced the process of wealth generation I would like to take a quick look at Muslims art patterns. Islamic Merchants The fact that Muslims ended up to be poor at work puzzles me because the founder of Islam, The Prophet Muhammad is believed to have been a merchant, and in one joint he reportedly said, The trustworthy merchant will sit I in the shade of Allahs thr one. It is especially puzzling that Muslim merchants, given that early Islamic thought harbor certain pro-competitive traditions, on with Muslim consumers who stood to benefit from greater competition, failed to counter the anti-competitive influence of the guilds. Sabri Ulgener (1981) suggests that trading patterns were influenced by the economic exampleity associated with Islam. The foremost objective of Muslims economic article of belief is to regenerate the individualistic economic moralisticity with a communalist morality.Which means Muslim do not support private ownership and income inequality, which is necessary to provide bonus for individual effort, and it leads to discouraging consequences for merchants. As private property rights were not defend in Islamic countries it is possible that trade with Muslims or in their countries was inefficient, and merchants evidently avoided having any deal in Muslim world. Of course this is not the single resolve for unmoving t rading pattern, there are tons of factors that could affect it.We just see that Islamic morality might have had an impact on merchants. Islamic Law and Economic growth The economist Timur Kuran, who grew up in Turkey and teaches at Duke University, traced the causes of fault in achieving industrialization and abiding growth in his well acclaimed book, The Long Divergence How Islamic Law Held covering the Middle East. Islamic societies were slow to develop banks, commercial courts, sum stock companies, and the business organizations, for which Kuran blames social customs and religious rules, i. . Islamic laws. He focuses on laws covering business federation and inheritance practices. These, he argues, discouraged the issue of modern industrial corporations. In medieval times, trading alliance was the leaders form of the business in the Middle East. In Islamic partnership any individual partner could end the relationship at will, and dismantle the most successful ventures were terminated on the death of partner. As a result of these rule, most businesses tended to be small and short-lived.By the end of ordinal century, the most durable trading entities in many Islamic countries were operated by non-Muslims, such as Armenians and Jews, Kuran adds, these organizations too were limited in their ability to bring on gold from outsiders because the region lacked non-governmental financial channels. And this held back the establishment of corporations which would do ample contributions to economy. The other thing, according to Kuran, which hindered business consolidation is inheritance customs. Quran set that if Muslim merchant died at least two-third of his estate had to be teardrop among live on family constituents.This egalitarian Islamic law of inheritance discouraged the accumulation of wealth by dividing it among family members. The permissibility of polygamy fueled this problem as it divided the assets of pixilated merchants with triple wives a nd children. Further, it prevented the creation of long-lasting, capital-intensive companies. These provocative claims are not backed up by statistical and empirical works, they generally derived basing only on a history. angiotensin converting enzyme can argue that claims are just hollow claims as Adeel Malik, prof in University of Oxford, did.But Kurans claims are sound and rational. In westbound countries for antecedent giant corporations were vital part of economic engine, which fueled prosperity, and they didnt have any rules slightly related to those of Islamic. This could mean that Kuran is right with his arguments and Muslims should take over a little attention to them and may be check up their rules and see whether it is compatible with modern economic and financial trunk. Islamic Banking mend canvas Islamic economy, it is impossible to ignore their financial system.Islamic economic doctrine on barricade against riba, Arabic word which means elicit or usury, is wid ely known. Muslim world convinced that conventional financial system is decadent, immoral and inequitable. However, in modern world, the one who is out of this system is out of economic advancement because financial institutions are the only monetary support for a business investment. Muslims may think that Muslim lenders and borrowers have long found their own ways to tucker out, but some data prove the opposite. First of all Islamic Banks are deficient.These banks exist not in all predominantly Islamic nations. They have constituted only a small share of the national banking system. For instance in xiii out of fifteen major Islamic countries listed by Henry and Wilson (2004 b7), Islamic banks accounted for less than 17% of the share of commercial bank deposits in late 1990s, in Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Syria, and Tunisia Islamic banks were nonexistent or minuscule. By the grade 2000 only three countries Iran, Pakistan, and Sudan- had Islamized their banking system .The implication of this information is that Islamic bank appears to be important in only very small number of Muslim countries. dearth of banks is huge obstacle for new investments and emergence of any industrial businesses. Furthermore, Islamic banks are at a competitive disadvantage in advance other domestic or foreign bans for three reasons. First, a problem of moral hazard arises. Second, accounts in an Islamic bank must give way a return at least close to that of their competitors in order to take out deposits.Third, these banks are burdened with a curious problem of unfavorable selection. So, the prox of Islamic banking does not seem to be glowing. As we see, the obstruction on interest serves no beneficial purpose. Elaborate scheme to circumvent such transactions because of their supposed immorality or due to their prohibition serve no purpose but except to increase be and increase inefficiency. Conclusion This paper has reviewed important areas of economic activity and the role of Islam in it. And religion affirmatively has great influence on economy of Islamic world.Basing on all finding I conclude that Islam was inconductive to economic development, or at least less supportive than was Christian dominant countries. some Muslims appreciated the discoveries and innovation, which has been fatal cause for physical resource or capital. The nature of Islamic education was not helpful in developing open apt(p) citizens fully equipped to fulfill their ambitions and potential. Islamic attitude toward women negatively affects production and income. Very few Muslims were seeking to capitalize, which caused uncomfortable conditions for merchants.The constraints and costs compel on financial institutions by the nominal prohibition on interest payments foreclose a free market in financial capital, make inefficiencies, moral hazard in banking system, and limiting the funds for investment. These were drawbacks of religion that possibly caused doldrums in Islamic countries. And of course there are ways of acquire out of this situation. Recent history provides examples of Muslim countries seeking to engage I the global economy and some of them succeeding.Indonesia, for instance, in 2008 its inflation modify gross domestic product per capita was five and half times what it was in 1990, in Malasia during the same period, it rosaceous almost six fold. Just a generation ago, both of these nations were overwhelmingly rural and poverty stricken. Today, they are industrialized middle-income countries. May be some Islamic countries should follow the lead of Turkey, the country which was transformed into an economically vivacious democracy. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of Turkish Republic, in 1929 abolished the caliphate and imposed strict church-state divide.After 1980, Turgut Ozal take away barriers to foreign trade and investment. Partys Islamic heritage hasnt prevented it from embrace a policy of economic modernization. Today, Turkey is the worlds fifteenth-largest economy and a member of G-20. Example of Turkey suggests that it is possible to industrialize, modernize and still be folding to religion, but Islam should not intervene in economic and policy-making activities for its own sake, this will prevent Islam from being changed under the political influence and will maintain its cleanness.So, Islamic countries are not in perfect condition, even they have all opportunities to prosper. This research paper analyzed just some of the factors, further researches and surveys needs to be conducted to identify other possible problems of static economy of Muslim world and to provide empirical and statistical information on Timur Kurans arguments. ReferencesRole of Islam in Economic DevelpomentInternational Ataturk-Alatoo University Role of Islam in Economic Development Done Aizhamal ZHUMALIEVA Checked Ibragim KONCAK 2012 Content Introduction. 1 Statistics and Trends2 Economics of Wealth Generation . 3 Islami c Merchants5 Islamic Law and Economic Growth6 Islamic Banking 6 Conclusion7 IntroductionResearchers like Huntington (1996), Landes (1999), and Inglehart and Baker (2000) argue that explanations for economic growth should go further to include a nations culture. Their argument absolutely makes sense because culture affects personal traits such as honesty, thrift, willingness to work hard, and openness to stranges, which consequently influences economic outcomes. Religion is thought to be one of the most important dimensions of culture. Thus Weber (1930) argued that religious practices and beliefs had important consequences for economic development.Islam is no exception, just as David Landes, the Harvard economic historian, wrote in his book The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, No one can understand the economic performance of the Muslim nations without attending to the experience of Islam as faith and culture, In 10th century, which is known as Golden Age for Islam, Muslim societies le d the world in science, philosophy, culture and prosperity. But soon it came to the end, and Islamic countries have long lagged behind other countries. It is easy to define with the help of analysis of current international financial data.Those data highlight the great inequality in income between Christian dominant and Muslim dominant countries. The richest countries in the world are those of Europe, North America, and East Asia. Only a small number of Muslim countries approach to their income levels, and this is only due to their oil wealth. In many of Muslim countries income growth is low so that gap is widening. Scholars are sure that it is not just coincidence but Islam has significant influence on economic ascents and descents. If it is so, what role does Islam play in economic performance? How does it affect economic advancement?What spheres and industries does Islam influence? Is there any way to solve the problem? The purpose of this paper is to show the relationship betwee n Islam and economy and critique some Islamic mechanisms that drag the economic activity. The first part of the paper suggests some statistical data that reflects general image of economic state of Islamic countries. Next section defines the process of wealth generation and impact of Islam on capital, innovation, and literacy. After, Islamic trading patterns are analyzed. Then Timur Kurans, well-known economist, arguments about economic effect of Islam are stated.And the last part reviews Islamic financial institutions. Statistics and Trends Level of economic development, whether measured by per capita income or variables like trade, literacy, science, scholarship and technology, has long been lower in the Islamic world than in Christian world, especially those of in West. Here is one empirical data that prove this situation with income per capita being a dependent variable. Table 1 is a regression model, which include 132 countries covered by the World Development Report for 1995, shows that relationship exists between Islam and per capita income.In the first regression, independent variable is the share of Muslim within total population, this regression indicates statistically significant negative relationship between two variables, but its fit is poor. The second regression, which includes additional independent variable, has considerably better fit. Membership in OPEC turns out to be a significant contributor to income, and location in Subsaharan Africa a highly significant depressor. The Muslim share of population remains very significant negative determinant of income.The model also reflects the fact that the African, South Asian, and East Asian countries with large Muslim minorities tend to be poorer than countries with Muslim majorities located in the Middle East. Table 1 The Relationship between Islam and Per Capita Income (1) (2) Constant 3. 33 3. 55 Share Muslim -0. 41***(-2. 57) -2. 07****(-2. 87) Square Share Muslim 1. 76**(2. 29) OPEC Member 0 . 42*(2. 20) Susaharan Africa -0. 67*****(-5. 77) R-squared 0. 4 0. 34 Notes 132 countries were included in the regression. Asterisks *, **, ***, ****, ***** denote significance at the 0. 03, 0. 2, 0. 01, 0. 005, and 0. 0000 levels, respectively. Following charts show the Muslim share of global income and the share of global population. Income share is 5. 98 %, which is strikingly less than population share, which is 19. 22 %. According to this data we can assume that Muslims average income obviously lower than of non-Muslims. In most of the countries, where Muslims live in large numbers, are generally poorer. And few will deny this fact. To investigate how this outcome came up I will review the process of wealth creation and the role of Islam in this process. Figure 1 Economics of Wealth GenerationLevel of income in an economy is related to the volume of goods and services produced. The amount of this production in the long term is determined by three factors the availability and exploitation of natural resource the quantity of productive capacity in terms of buildings, infrastructure, machinery plant and equipment and the availability, ability, training and resourcefulness of the workforce. These factors of production are essential to income producing capacities. Natural resource endowment of a country is a matter of circumstance, religion has nothing to do with availability of natural resource.Islamic countries, especially those in the Middle East are very lucky to have oil wealth, the biggest contributor to Muslim economy. Physical resources however are man-made. The availability of these resources depends on accumulation of physical investment in building construction, purchase of equipment and maintenance of the stock of these assets. It is here that the culture and religion, Islam in particular, may play a role. In order to create physical productive asset, what economists call capital, long process of planning, risk taking, vision and enterprise are r equired.Arthur Lewis (1955, 105) argued in his textbook on economic growth Some religions are more compatible with economic growth than others. If religion stress upon material value, upon work, upon thrift and productive investment, upon honesty in commercial relations, upon experimentation and risk bearing, and upon equality of opportunity, it will be helpful to growth, whereas in so far as it is hostile to this things, it tends to inhibit growth. He did not provide the classifications of religion according to their support for development.But other economists like Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza, and luigi Zingales did. They conducted a multinational set of surveys that covers sixty-six countries. In a study that appeared in the Journal of Monetary Economics, they noted that, on average, Christian religions are more positively associated with attitudes that are conductive to economic growth, while Islam is negatively associated. In comparison with people of other religion, Muslims were generally less disposed to agree with pro-market statements such as Competition is good, private ownership of business an industry should be increased.It means that Muslims are not willing to adopt industrialization and modernization, without which creation of capital is barely possible. Report clearly indicates that Islam sufficiently discouraging economic development in terms of physical resources. The same opinion had Daniel (19958, 405) who wrote in his best-known work, The Passing of Traditional Society, that the top policy problem, for three generations of Middle Eastern leaders, has been whether one must choose between Mecca or Mechanization or whether one can make them compatible. He observed that Islam was inimical to the structural changes essential to the Islamic worlds progress. Affirmatively Islam played very effective role in capital creation and obviously negative. So, if countrys aim was to develop, choice would ultimately get resolved in favor of mechanization. The third factor of production is human resource. This is not jus a matter of population. People need to be educated and trained in order to make use of the physical capital. Religion may play a role here too possibly negative one.To the question whether Islam contributed to shaping the educational system that limited curiosity and innovation Lewis (1982, 229) answers in the affirmative. But how? Islam highly encourages education. It might have stemmed from the closure of the gate ijtihad, which meant end of freedom of innovation, independent judgment, and that all answers were already available and needed merely to follow and obey. Treating Islamic learning as perfection helped support an educational system that emphasized rot learning and memorization at the expense of problem solving.Granting that the prevailing educational system must have limited inquisitiveness and innovation, it could have extinguished new ideas and the desire for change. This resulted in overwhelmingly ill iterate Muslim population. The scene has not changed a lot in present days either, series of reports for United Nations pointed out that adult literacy rate barely topped fifty percent, which is disastrous for economic development. If there is no human resource who can tackle technology, machinery what are they needed for anyway?The nature of progress is improvements in physical capital over time that deliver increased output for given amount of material and labor input higher productivity. By labor meant highly educated and trained people, whom obviously lacks Muslim world. This knowledge deficit has severely impeded economic growth. One thing that I cannot skip is the attitude toward women in Islam. In Islam women are inferior to men. Recent figures from the International Labor Organizations, published by world Bank, indicate that in the Middle East and North Africa, women comprise 28 % of the total labor force, whereas the world average is 40 %.As a group, these countries have t he lowest female labor force participation in the world. One of the lowest figures is Saudi Arabia with 16%. This is reflection of cultural values regarding women in Muslim countries, values inseparable from religious values, which form following consequences. First, it decreases the overall income of country. If women were sedulous in paid employment, increasing the labor force by 30%, additional contribution to national income would be around of 10%. Second, this limitation reduces potential production.Third, it is associated with higher birth in these countries, which correspondingly per capita income growth rate. So, this Islamic wise about women contribute to relative poverty. Now, as we have obtained sufficient image on how Islam has influenced the process of wealth generation I would like to take a quick look at Muslims trading patterns. Islamic Merchants The fact that Muslims ended up to be poor at trading puzzles me because the founder of Islam, The Prophet Muhammad is bel ieved to have been a merchant, and in one occasion he reportedly said, The trustworthy merchant will sit I in the shade of Allahs throne. It is especially puzzling that Muslim merchants, given that early Islamic thought harbor certain pro-competitive traditions, along with Muslim consumers who stood to benefit from greater competition, failed to counter the anti-competitive influence of the guilds. Sabri Ulgener (1981) suggests that trading patterns were influenced by the economic morality associated with Islam. The foremost objective of Muslims economic doctrine is to replace the individualistic economic morality with a communalist morality.Which means Muslim do not support private ownership and income inequality, which is necessary to provide incentive for individual effort, and it leads to discouraging consequences for merchants. As private property rights were not protected in Islamic countries it is possible that trade with Muslims or in their countries was inefficient, and mer chants simply avoided having any deal in Muslim world. Of course this is not the only reason for static trading pattern, there are tons of factors that could affect it.We just see that Islamic morality might have had an impact on merchants. Islamic Law and Economic growth The economist Timur Kuran, who grew up in Turkey and teaches at Duke University, traced the causes of fault in achieving industrialization and stable growth in his well acclaimed book, The Long Divergence How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Islamic societies were slow to develop banks, commercial courts, joint stock companies, and the business organizations, for which Kuran blames social customs and religious rules, i. . Islamic laws. He focuses on laws covering business partnership and inheritance practices. These, he argues, discouraged the emergence of modern industrial corporations. In medieval times, trading partnership was the leading form of the business in the Middle East. In Islamic partnership any individual partner could end the relationship at will, and even the most successful ventures were terminated on the death of partner. As a result of these rule, most businesses tended to be small and short-lived.By the end of nineteenth century, the most durable trading entities in many Islamic countries were operated by non-Muslims, such as Armenians and Jews, Kuran adds, these organizations too were limited in their ability to raise money from outsiders because the region lacked non-governmental financial channels. And this held back the establishment of corporations which would do huge contributions to economy. The other thing, according to Kuran, which hindered business consolidation is inheritance customs. Quran dictated that if Muslim merchant died at least two-third of his estate had to be split among surviving family members.This egalitarian Islamic law of inheritance discouraged the accumulation of wealth by dividing it among family members. The permissibility of polygamy f ueled this problem as it divided the assets of wealthy merchants with multiple wives and children. Further, it prevented the creation of long-lasting, capital-intensive companies. These provocative claims are not backed up by statistical and empirical works, they generally derived basing only on a history. One can argue that claims are just hollow claims as Adeel Malik, professor in University of Oxford, did.But Kurans claims are sound and rational. In Western countries for instance giant corporations were vital part of economic engine, which fueled prosperity, and they didnt have any rules slightly related to those of Islamic. This could mean that Kuran is right with his arguments and Muslims should pay a little attention to them and may be check up their rules and see whether it is compatible with modern economic and financial system. Islamic Banking While investigating Islamic economy, it is impossible to ignore their financial system.Islamic economic doctrine on prohibition agai nst riba, Arabic word which means interest or usury, is widely known. Muslim world convinced that conventional financial system is decadent, immoral and inequitable. However, in modern world, the one who is out of this system is out of economic advancement because financial institutions are the only monetary support for a business investment. Muslims may think that Muslim lenders and borrowers have long found their own ways to circumvent, but some data prove the opposite. First of all Islamic Banks are deficient.These banks exist not in all predominantly Islamic nations. They have constituted only a small share of the national banking system. For instance in thirteen out of fifteen major Islamic countries listed by Henry and Wilson (2004 b7), Islamic banks accounted for less than 17% of the share of commercial bank deposits in late 1990s, in Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Syria, and Tunisia Islamic banks were nonexistent or minuscule. By the year 2000 only three countries Ira n, Pakistan, and Sudan- had Islamized their banking system.The implication of this information is that Islamic bank appears to be important in only very small number of Muslim countries. Shortage of banks is huge obstacle for new investments and emergence of any industrial businesses. Furthermore, Islamic banks are at a competitive disadvantage before other domestic or foreign bans for three reasons. First, a problem of moral hazard arises. Second, accounts in an Islamic bank must yield a return at least close to that of their competitors in order to attract deposits.Third, these banks are burdened with a curious problem of adverse selection. So, the future of Islamic banking does not seem to be glowing. As we see, the prohibition on interest serves no beneficial purpose. Elaborate scheme to circumvent such transactions because of their supposed immorality or due to their prohibition serve no purpose but except to increase costs and increase inefficiency. Conclusion This paper has r eviewed important areas of economic activity and the role of Islam in it. And religion affirmatively has great influence on economy of Islamic world.Basing on all finding I conclude that Islam was inconductive to economic development, or at least less supportive than was Christian dominant countries. Few Muslims appreciated the discoveries and innovation, which has been fatal cause for physical resource or capital. The nature of Islamic education was not helpful in developing open minded citizens fully equipped to fulfill their ambitions and potential. Islamic attitude toward women negatively affects production and income. Very few Muslims were seeking to capitalize, which caused uncomfortable conditions for merchants.The constraints and costs imposed on financial institutions by the nominal prohibition on interest payments preclude a free market in financial capital, causing inefficiencies, moral hazard in banking system, and limiting the funds for investment. These were drawbacks of religion that possibly caused stagnation in Islamic countries. And of course there are ways of getting out of this situation. Recent history provides examples of Muslim countries seeking to engage I the global economy and some of them succeeding.Indonesia, for instance, in 2008 its inflation adjusted GDP per capita was five and half times what it was in 1990, in Malasia during the same period, it rose almost six fold. Just a generation ago, both of these nations were overwhelmingly rural and poverty stricken. Today, they are industrialized middle-income countries. May be some Islamic countries should follow the lead of Turkey, the country which was transformed into an economically vibrant democracy. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of Turkish Republic, in 1929 abolished the caliphate and imposed strict church-state divide.After 1980, Turgut Ozal removed barriers to foreign trade and investment. Partys Islamic heritage hasnt prevented it from embracing a policy of economic moderniza tion. Today, Turkey is the worlds fifteenth-largest economy and a member of G-20. Example of Turkey suggests that it is possible to industrialize, modernize and still be faithful to religion, but Islam should not intervene in economic and political activities for its own sake, this will prevent Islam from being changed under the political influence and will maintain its cleanness.So, Islamic countries are not in perfect condition, however they have all opportunities to prosper. This research paper analyzed just some of the factors, further researches and surveys needs to be conducted to identify other possible problems of static economy of Muslim world and to provide empirical and statistical information on Timur Kurans arguments. References

Computer Technology Essay

Charles Njogu, the name does not ring a bell does it? That is my name. Why should my name matter to you? It should matter because I am one of the biggest success stories to travel along out of my native country, Kenya. I come from a third world country and nothing I move over ever achieved or meet in smell came on a silver platter. I worked hard to reach my status in my life now and I am working even harder to make certain(a) that I do not waste any of the opportunities lady mountain has thr proclaim my way. Completing my education has ever so been my personal battle.There were some(a) real times in the past when I thought that I would do better to throw in the towel and just bound up. But I have a dream, a dream to befriend my countrymen realize a better life and for the futurity generation of Kenyans to have a better chance in life than my generation did. This is wherefore I strive to reach even greater heights in my educational accomplishments. I want to be the example every Kenyan result look up to and realize that there is a brighter future ahead of them. each they have to do is keep moving towards the goal.No matter how impossible it seems. Though life was rough for me fend for home, I never let anyone derail me from achieving my goals. That character trait of mine was construct up over the years of failure and hindrances that I had to overcome. Looking back on my educational doings in Kenya, I amaze myself because I never believe I could in alone that and much more. I have always had a fascination with Computer Technology. This is why my earliest educational achievements were in this field.The Computer Training Center in Nairobi awarded me an ACP certificate in Computer programming back in 1993. This was quickly followed by an ACP clear Diploma in Computer Studies as well as other ACP Diploma in Systems Analysis and Design. My interest in computers protagonisted me understand that focusing plays an important role in the way any wor ld power works. All the best computers and databases in the world will be rendered useless if in force(p) office way is not firmly established by the office right from the start.So I toyed with the idea of taking some shell outment courses. After all, it has always been a personal dream of mine to own my own business someday and, hopefully, be able to teach my fellow traveller Kenyans all about business management in order to help their business skills. Three years later, in 1996, graduated with a subject field Diploma in Business watchfulness with an Advanced Certificate in Business Administration from the Kenya Institute of Management. For most people, that would be enough of an achievement to make them feel accomplished in life, but not me.I knew there was more to learn and that Kenya based educational institutions had probably taught me all that I they had to offer me. So I set my sights higher. This time, I was eyeing merely advanced education in the United States of A merica. It was with great pride and gladden that I was accepted into Brandeis University in Massachusetts. I attended the school as a masteral student of international Finance and Economics. My major was in International Finance and International Economics. I breeze throughd these studies back in 2003.Now, in 2007, am expecting to complete my Master of Science degree in Management and Systems with a major in Leadership and friendship from New York University. You talent ask yourself, with all these accomplishments, why would I still want to complete a Ph. D. in Management at Rutger University? The answer is really check of a very logical process of educating myself that is deeply rooted in my sense of self-accomplishment. I want to be a results oriented man of affairs with vast experience in business administration, financial management, information technology, knowledge and organizational management.I believe that in order to properly manage a business, I must be highly skil led in strategic planning, implementation and information systems auditing as well as conditioned how to properly increase productivity while keeping a streamline business operational. It is my intention to complete my Masteral Degree in Management because in the future, I wish to see a challenging career as a Business Systems Analyst, project manager, as well as a network engineer / person. These positions will require me to fully utilize all my extensive skills, analytical and leadership abilities in order to realize my potency for future growth.Why should Rutger University even bother to consider me for a student slot in the system? The answer to this lies in my soon to be published thesis entitled Managing fellowship Capital How Organizations Measure Knowledge Capital and How the Make It Grow. It was recently reviewed with much praise by Lydia comfortable and should be published in the short-term future. In this thesis, I am reminding everyone that computers do not do the m anaging of businesses although they are an integral part of the management system.I proposed that what really keeps the business running is a thoroughly new, yet proven to be accurate method of determining the value of businesses at present through proper management ideas. Lastly, I am sure you will want to know why I want to attend Rutger University. The answer, only if put is that I believe that your university will provide me with fertile anchor where in I can learn even higher levels of donnish theory and practice based on one of the most estimable Ph. D. curriculums this nation has to offer.

Computer Virus Essay

The topic of technological innovations such as the advent of ready reckoner and calculator programs, to a fault paved way for the birth of certain viruses that offer disrupt package programs. These viruses infect a program and allow it to disseminate from one computer to the others (Viruses). As it transfers from one computer to another, it leaves complications or ailments that like human viruses, has alter degrees of severity. Some argon merely designed to annoy the computer user while others can put down the entire computer hardware (Beal).Viruses may be categorized as a worm, Trojan or bonny a virus. A worm is quite similar to a virus, nevertheless unlike a virus that needs human intervention in order for it to spread, worms can spread on its own. It has the capacity to recapitulate itself and locomotion from one hardware to another through the transport features of the computers system. Because of its replicating capacity it poses harm as it can slow down the compute r the s it becomes multitude (Beal). A Trojan on the other pass along does not replicate as viruses and worms do.They appear at first as some legitimate program or file but the moment it is ran in the computer it can create various damage. Sometimes they are made to annoy while other can seriously destroy the computer by deleting files or programs. It can also create backdoors that can give other users access to the system that may give outdoor(a) personal or confidential information (Beal). Most of the time, these malicious programs spread with human intervention. When viruses cling onto a file and was run in the computer, it automatically spreads in the system of that computer.Trojans spread in the same way, while worms replicate itself in the system, to another system and to another.Works CitedBeal, Vangie. 2007. The Difference Between a Computer Virus, Worm and Trojan Horse. Webopedia. 11 November, 2008 . Brain, Marshall. n. d. How Computer Viruses Work. HowStuffWorks. 11 No vember 2008 . Viruses. n. d. Kasperskylab. 11 November 2008 .

“Alien World” Essay

Zaitchik is a freelance journalist who is affiliated with Poverty Law, a U.S. transcription that supports ethnic and racial tolerance. Zaitchiks article fires to claim the idea that Mexicos economy is forcing people to take desperate measures in order to survive. He uses his experience with a border intersection point poser as a way to lure the reader into the article. Zaitchik then harvest-time to use statistical evidence to enlighten the reader about Mexicos frugal addiction on migrant failers. Zaitchik travelled to Mexico to learn about and participate in the border crossing pretense. He effectively uses his experience with the border crossing simulation, its participants, the Otomi people and his knowledge of the Mexican economy to effectively present his argument.Zaitchiks personal experience and knowledge of the Otomis plight supplement his argument. He provides a series of facts and anecdotal evidence to show the emergence of a border crossing simulation in Mezquita l V on the wholeey as a prelude to a bigger problem, Mexicos stinting dependency on migrant workers. Zaitchik states that the Otomi, the in craunchenous people of Mezquital Valley, lost 90% of their working categorize to migrant workers (258). Many of the Otomi migrant workers make the trip north to work seasonally, entirely many are unable or unwilling to ease up (259). The authors use of these facts establishes that the Otomi were left with a population that would non be able to sustain their local culture or the lodges economy.This forced the remaining population to tap into a invigorated form of ecotourism by starting the border crossing simulation. Zaitchiks simulation shows how illegal immigrants face a great fleck of challenges as they attempt to enter through a foreign countrys borders. individually participant has paid $125 for two days camping and a mid nighttime border crossing experience in central Mexico. The staged run, 700 miles from the genuine U.S. border, covers a bruising adventure course that winds through the valley of Alberto Eco Park. Zaitchik says, It all adds up to the worlds most elaborating simulation of the Mexican migrant experience (259). His knowledge of the border crossingsimulation reinforces how the Otomi were forced to suit or face extinction.One of those who left and returned is Laura Basuado a fresh faced- 27- year- out of date park employee who crossed the border when she was 17. She states, The night walk is not tear d have 1 percent of what its really like. Her own journey to the U.S. knotty a four-day walk through the sonoran desert. This comparison serves to further clarify that on that point is a gap between the middle class and the poor, emphasizing that the participants do not see this experience as an act of unifying the Mexican people. After luring the reader with the Otomis plight and experience on the simulation, Zaitchiks asserts that the Mexican government tolerates and even encourages the trip up north. He gives the following as the reason, Mexicans living in the U.S. send more than than $25 billion dollars in annual remittances to their relatives south of the border (262).$25 billion dollars is a substation amount of money for any government to give up volitionally without having a means of replacing the income. The cotton industry in westmost Texas fears that there will be a struggle in decision field workers if the border is closed. Other regions of the country that depend on rural workers to pick their product in fourth dimension for the market would also be affected. (ODonnell 26). It has been proven that it is extremely important for the agriculture business to have plentiful migrant workers to work the fields and in turn provide an economic impact to the region. Agricultures need for Mexican workers is very large, but it is also a seasonal job which sometimes will arouse the migrant worker to move from the West Coast to Texas, or new(prenominal) agricultura l states. This kind of migration is seen less and less since some states have been enforcing or enacting their own immigration laws which prevent most illegal immigrants from going and providing an economic impact to the region.Ask any struggling Mexican if U.S. plans for a high technology border fence will stop the flow, and he will dissever you the idea is fanciful, that you cannot deter the desperate. If you build a wall, they will build taller ladders and dig deeper tunnels, says Del Plan. If the entire border becomes clogged with armed guards, they will take boats, as the Cubans and Haitians do. Indeed, this shift is already happening (262). As you can see ODonnell and Zaitchik agree that the agriculture businesses require the migrant workers, and that increased border credentials will not deter illegal immigration. According to the Pew look into Hispanic Center, (Young) there is no net zero migrationfrom Mexico to the U.S. for the first time in decades. Increased border pa trol, stricter laws in the U.S., rising smuggling fees, furiousness in the desert and the struggling U.S. economy are keeping more Mexicans at home and even have some people travel to Mexico from the U.S. Therefore, The media sees we are trying to build understanding and create jobs, and they support us says, Eduardo Del Plan, a park employee who scripts much of the simulation based on his own multiple trips across the border.Therefore, Zaitchik states that we have become an example of an natal fraternity standing on its own feet, trying to stop the eject to the north (262). (Maribel Garcia from HERE AND NOW) says its difficult to show how effective the night walks are for our visitors, but as the parks tourist offerings are expanding, and the number of visitors slowly growing, she says that the walks will generate enough income to encourage more of the communitys residents to stay put. However, Bausado eventually found her way to Minnesota, where she stayed four months forwar d deciding shed rather be poor and jobless in Mexico than poor and marginally employed in the U.S., living in eternal dread of arrest or deportation (260). Zaitchiks article attempts to convey the idea that Mexicos economy is forcing people to take desperate measures in order to survive. He uses his experience with a border crossing simulation as a way to draw the reader into the article. Zaitchik then proceeds to use statistical evidence to enlighten the reader about Mexicos economic dependency on migrant workers. Overall Zaitchik experienced a memorable border crossing adventure. Work CitedFrom http//www.usatoday.com.Hanson,H.G. and Council on Foreign Affairs. The economic logic of illegal immigration. USA Council on Foreign Relations, 2007.From http//hereandnow.wbur.org fake-border-crossingHere & directly with Robin Young and Irina Zhorov

Impact of Marketization on Higher Education in the UK

AbstractMarketization is an increasing phe nary(prenominal)enon in perspective the sure environment. Every sector of the economy continues to adopt the conceit of marketization in a tenderise to enhance efficiency, tellingness, and competitiveness of the affected sectors. One of the important sectors identified in the current literature canvass is high teaching method. The constitution below provides a critical literature round off on the institution of abstractive and verifiable reviews. The theoretical review identifies and explains the opening of marketization whereas the semiempirical review evaluates the varied findings and views of the scholars and researchers on the contact of marketization on high(prenominal) bringing up. The results of the review dry land that there argon both proscribe and positive adjoins of marketization on high command in admire to UK.Key words Marketization, high(prenominal) command, theoretical, empiricalIntroductionThe follow ing is a review of literature on the impact of marketization on high education in the UK. Evidently, marketization, which involves the restructuring, remodelling, and transformation of publicly- owned enterprises or organisations into market-based entities, continues to be a common phenomenon especially in the current century. Through marketization, absolute majority of the higher instruction institutions in the UK gather in been transformed from being owned by the government to market-oriented institutions to enhance quality and trading operations. A deem of researchers and scholars fix conducted an evaluation and analysis on the impact of the concept on higher education in the UK. Therefore, the current paper aims at reviewing some of the literatures explaining the impact of marketization on higher education. In accomplishing this target, the current literature review is performed on the basis of theoretical and empirical reviews. The review ends with a concluding tell th at summarises the main points whilst stating the stand of the analysis.Theoretical ReviewMarketization theory describes the functionality of marketization. According to Raffe and Croxford (2013), the theory of marketization provides a good foundation to nations in introducing the aspects of choices, competition, and public accountability, which are inbred in enhancing the quality of products or service under production. Evidently, the theory of marketization helps in eliminating different economic problems and concepts much(prenominal) as unfavourable market competition, inefficiencies in markets, and the lack of players and market forces that are likely to influence the production process. base on the theory of marketization argues it is important to transform an ideal economy by getting rid of the planned economic system and allowing market-based scenario to prevail in the economy in question (Quinlan, 2014). Amongst the aspects discussed within the theory of marketization in clude liberalisation, espial reforms, stimulating of competition, incentive creation, and outsourcing reforms that will help in transforming the higher education sector. Other aspects explained within the theory of marketization include the reduction of regulation, opening market-oriented systems, and effective allocation of resources (Xue-chao, 2012). From such perceptions, it is arguably important to note that the theory of marketization explains the circumstance that by means of the concept of liberalising an economy all the trade barriers and price controls are significantly removed, which provide space to the various stakeholders to actively engage in ensuring that there is high quality production process.From the perspective of the marketization theory, a number of economies across the globe are calling upon for the deregulation of institutions of higher encyclopedism with the aim of making them more competitive within the global market. The 2013 social class has been a ye ar of marketization of the higher education system in the UK (Raffe & Croxford, 2013). by dint ofout the 2013, UK developed policies and strategies towards attaining a fully marketised system especially for the higher education sector. Since 2013 UK has developed numerous and possibly effective policies that are aimed at back up the expansion of higher education. Expansion of higher education as pass judgment by the UK government through development of various policies has the sole objective of increasing mesh of all the stakeholders in education (McNeill, 2012). Increased participation of all involved stakeholders in the higher education courtesy of marketization concept results into a more educated workforce, which has actually enabled the UK to experience a maturement in its economy. Indeed, marketization of the higher education in UK has offered a perfect ground-breaking taste on how the government policies can be employed towards altering the structures and operations of different institutions for higher learning especially universities and technical colleges (Xue-chao, 2012). The following plane section provides an empirical review of the previous studies and views of the scholars on the impact of the marketization on higher education with special focus to the UK.Empirical ReviewDifferent scholars and researchers guide performed evaluation, analysis, and studies on the impact of marketization on higher education in the UK. chocolate-brown (2013) conducted a assume that aimed at describing the concept of market-based policies with regards to higher education in the UK. In addition, Brown (2013) excessively aimed at assessing the historical background regarding the current reforms within higher education in UK especially in measure to marketization. The study by Brown (2013) established that there has been an improvement in higher education as seen within the idea of competition, efficiency, responsiveness, as substantially as innovation court esy of marketization. From the perspective of the theory of marketization, Brown (2013) argued that marketization has provided the probability for different stakeholders former(a) than government to also engage in providing services of education and learning in higher institutions of learning. Therefore, from the study of Brown it is diaphanous that marketization has positive impact on higher education within UK.The former(a) study was performed by Hommel and index (2013) who sought to find out the fiscal dimension of specific reforms by the government especially in respect to developing an educational sector that is risk-based. From the corporate risk management literature, Hommel and King (2013) found out that business schools, which continues to adopt the risk-based regulations and reforms to meet their objectives and targets with respect to learning process, face a lot of challenges especially in line with managing risks. In this respect, Hommel and King (2013) established th e fact that business schools especially within the ranks of universities and other institutions of higher learning should be careful about their financial solvency through effective and efficient maintenance of functioning risks. Hence, on the perspective of the study conducted by Hommel and King (2013), it is evident that in as much as marketization provides some positive impacts there are negative impacts that accrue receivable to the concept for instance the increase exposure to various financial risks.Natale and Doran (2012) also performed a study on the marketization of education in a bid to identify the ethical dilemma that exists in the same. From the study, it is clear that the marketing of education continues to be epidemic, which calls for the suffusion of both practices and principles of business in the management of higher education. However, Natale and Doran (2012) established in their study that in as much as the higher education is becoming more advanced, efficient, effective, and very competitive, the idea of exposing higher education to marker-based systems has resulted into increased costs of education. As a result, there is a growing ethical concern, that is, even though on one side the higher education sector is becoming more efficient, effective, and competitive, the cost of accessing such higher education has become higher and unattainable since the pricing has been go away on market forces. Such views have also been put forward by Tapper (2013), who argue that despite positive impacts of marketization on higher education, the market-based systems have exposed the pricing of higher education to market forces, which makes the entire cost expensive. Hence, there is need to identify whether to enhance efficiency at the expense of the cost of providing education.The other study was conducted by Holmwood (2012) with an aim of analysing markets and publics as the new battlegrounds for the sector of higher education across many economies. Hol mwood (2012) evaluated the new-fangled polity changes especially started by the British Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. The policy by the coalition government is a preferred paradigm change over with respect to restructuring and remodelling of the higher education sector. The findings from the study showed that there has been radical and neo-liberal come near towards transforming the higher education sector. So far, the policies developed by the government have been very successful in enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness of higher education. However, Holmwood (2012) stated in the study that the only problem with transforming higher education sector into a market-based system is the fact that monocultural perspectives are likely to result into value of what is lost. notwithstanding the problem of monoculture as created by the market-based systems, Holmwood (2012) strongly believe that marketization is indeed a good concept a view that has also been supported by Nickola et al (2012). Consequently, marketization continues to be a good foundation for changing higher education in the UK.ConclusionThe above is a literature review explaining the impacts of marketization on higher education with special focus to the UK. The review contains both main sections, namely, the theoretical review and the empirical review. On the basis of the theoretical review, it is evident that the theory of marketization calls for the removal of the public or government say-so in the running and management of institutions of higher learning. Whats more, the theory of marketization explains that through changing the higher education sector to market-based system, the private sector is exceedingly involved, which results into enhanced efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness of the higher institutions of learning. On a different perspective, the empirical review provides an analysis and evaluation of the various findings by different researchers and scholars on the impact of marketization on higher education. From the empirical review, it is clear that whereas there are numerous positive impacts of marketization on higher education, the concept also has negative impacts on the same sector.List of ReferencesBrown, R. 2013, Access to Higher grooming The shift key towards Market-Based Policies in the UK, DICE Report, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 23-27.Holmwood, J. 2012, Markets versus Publics The New Battleground of Higher Education, Harvard International Review, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 12-15.Hommel, U. & King, R. 2013, The emergence of risk-based regulation in higher education, The Journal of Management Development, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 537-547.McNeill, T., 2012, Dont affect the administer price social media policy in higher education as reputation management. Research in Learning Technology, vol. 20.Natale, S.M. & Doran, C. 2012, Marketization of Education An Ethical dilemma, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 105, no. 2, p p. 187-196.Nickolai, D. H., Hoffman, S. G., & Trautner, M. N., 2012, Can a knowledge sanctuary also be an economic engineThe marketization of higher education as institutional boundary work. Sociology Compass, vol. 6, no. 3 Pp. 205-218.Quinlan, K. M., 2014, Everything for saleThe marketisation of UK higher education. By Roger Brown with Helen Carasso. British Journal of Educational Studies, (ahead-of-print), 1-3.Raffe, D., & Croxford, L., 2013, How stable is the stratification of higher education in England and Scotland?. British Journal of Sociology of Education, (ahead-of-print), 1-23.Tapper, T., 2013, Roger Brown and H. Carasso Everything for saleThe marketisation of UK higher education. Higher Education, vol. 66, no. 5 Pp. 641-643.Xue-chao, Y. H. J. M., 2012, Marketization of Higher Education in the UK The Perspective of Financing J. Tsinghua Journal of Education, vol. 3, no. 015.